2 * be + aes
Pens 3 a eae _ ee" i
ats. Teal ag clua! ly f eae ks an

ath.

rs f : valli ort

etween

LAG 5 Sach Tp and to i

shiasHeposits for, com. coun. SRE Ons tructi as te
fiard-Tables, a oe Gee é tr Tmmozelity. ©
; asSize Of cain..c fay Pema. 8: : ey 3
TaPRigs, in cag® of-fire, yylee C be pbed :
4 how ascertains Eat ees
ae ~rttles swine, “Sec.
to the sv

, house if,

ou
~
)

Firlate the
acted fo
s ma

Mec, and perp
doccib m: 7 em

Zoological rcprt-Boesk,

COMPRISING

€UVIER’S FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS

OF

ANINALS :

ALSO,
SHAW’S IMPROVED LINNEAN GENERA,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THRE

CLASSES AND ORDERS

OF

CUVIER AND LATREILLE.
—_<e—

‘SMORT DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE MOSF COMMON SPECIES ARE
GIVEN FOR STUDENT’S EXERCISES.

— =

FREPARED FOR RENSSELAER SCHOOL AND THE POPULAR CLASS-ROGY,

BY AMOS EATON.

ALBANY :

PRINTED BY WEBSTERS AND SKINNERS,
——_P=——

1826.

i RET |

we
We 6s

®:; ear a 7 ali fe Sane

Ne ORC TERR UTE

hy CAMERA ORI ihe A ath hci

ad

Ga SSG a Rs aC REL OE

Ca eee ee

- Vignal suai a? é
1 Nes 88 2 M ; ity
4 ane hh. Bi
Rada s GA : Gh

Phe tl ra a ee pin S
ES a spb nas
‘i id ay me ica iit) ;

ioe

fi
vs
Grabs Date ee

¥ K

eee gr ee Vi 4

. . ie , r : e

ive Re

PREFACE. Se

Four years ago I published the grand divis-
ions, the classes and orders of Cuvier’s Le Regne
animal distribue d’ apres son organization. No-
tice was given at the time, that it was my inten-
tion to publish a translation of Cuvier’s genera.
But soon afterwards I was assured that two or
three of our best Zoologists contemplated the ex-
ecution of an elementary system of Zoology. My
pepils have now waited for the promised work
about two years, since my edition of the classifica-
tion of Cuvier has been exhausted. I was at
last driven to this undertaking; which I entered:
upon with extreme reluctance. Not on account
of love of ease, or that modest diffidence usually
complained of by authors. But because it may

_ retard the publication of the promised system of
American Zoolezy, which, itis confidently hoped,

- some competent naturalist will ere long complete.

- In answer to this objection it has been observ-
ed by my friends, that such a small book, present-
ing a familiar outline of the science, might serve

"as a pioneer for a full system 5; as my Manual of

. - Botany did for the enlarged works of Elliott and
Torrey. More than four thousand copies of the
Manual, in the hands of botanists, awakened a

iv PREFACE.

|

zeal for the science, which rendered enlarged sys-
tems desirable and even necessary. So it is con-
jectured, that a small treatise on Zoology may in-
spire a degree of zeal, sufficient to encourage the
publication of an enlarged work.
ft will appear by the title page, that 1 have
adopted Dr. Shaw’s genera, instead of Cuvier’s :
though I have distributed the genera of Shaw ac-
cording to Cuvier’s system of classification. After
comparing Cuvier’s system of genera with that of
“Shaw, I find no other essential difference, than
what arises from the numerous subdivisions of the
Linnean genera made by Cuvier. The student
will consequently learn nothing in using Shaw’s
genera, which he must unlearn if he should
hereafter study animais according to Cuvier’s
subdivisions. Besides, it is far from being a set-
iled point among naturalists, that the modern sub:
divisions of genera in the animal and vegetable
kingdoms, are preferable to subdivisions into sec-
tions of species according to the method of Lin-
neas, which is followed by Shaw. ‘To these re-
marks I mustadd, that Cuvier’s long descriptions,
which are essential upon his anatomical plan,
could not be given ina small school-book. And
even if given, they could not de understood in
many cases, without a competent knowledge of
anatomy. The species of some of the Linnean
genera, are subdivided by Cuvier’s divisions of

PREFACE. Vv

orders. "These cases are few; and as faras I
have applied his orders, I can discover no materi-
al inconvenience on this account.

Cuvier’s classification is certainly a great im-
provement upon that of Linneus, in most cases.
But I have not followed him in the orders of Pis-
ces and of Molluscous animals. His method
would undoubtedly be preferable, if we could
make it convenient to dissect every animal in these
classes, which comes under examination. In the
study of molluscous animals, we are chiefly con-
fined to the empty shells; it being impossible for
most students to obtain the animals inhabiting the
Shells. And one important use of the study of
Zoology is to prepare the student for geological
investigations. In this department we never find
the remains, or ¢xterior castings, of the soft parts
of animals.

Few students will have leisure te pursue the
study of Zoology for a great length of time.
Therefore they will generally require a text-book,
which will lead them by the shortest course to a
general outline of the science. And this outline
should be pursued by a method, which is adapted
to the means of farther progress, which may be
within their reach. The only English work, te
be found in our towns and villages, te which we
can conveniently resort for specific descriptions, is

*4

e

Vi PREFACE.

Rees’ Cyclopedia. In this extensive work the
genera of Cuvier are not adopted. But students
will find the zoological genera of that work per-
fectly in accordance with this text-book, After
the genus is found here, they may refer to the same
genus in Rees by its alphabetical arrangement ;
where they will find the descriptions of all the

species published in that work.

att
* Zoological articles are very meagre in Rees, before the com-
meneement of the letter, C. The naturalist, Donovon, conducted
most of that article from C, onwards, in a yery acceptable manne.r

AOOCLOGY.

Zooroey is the science which treats of materi-
al organized beings, which are endowed with the
sentient principle.*

Tt is generally true, that animals differ from
vegetables in possessing locomotive, as well as
sentient, powers. ‘This is a good distinction be-
tween the ov and the ocak. [But is very deficient
when applied to the ists and the sensitive plants.

Animals receive their food into an internal cav-
ity or cavities, which is so modified as to furnish
the fluids which supply the wants of the system.
And probably no substance is received as the food
of animals, which has not previously been in an or-
ganized s'ate. Whereas vegetables receive inor-
ganic maiter for food, as well as that which has
been organized ; and their food is chiefly received
through tubular radicles, or pores of leaves, which
have the power to direct their courses or pores to-
wards water, air, light and heat.

All animals have the sense of feeling. But
they have no particular organ for that sensation 5
it depending on papille at the ends of nerves
which terminate in every part of the skin. Al}
vertebral animals have four organs ofsense. Each
ergan is adapted to its particular effice. One fer

*“ Sentient principle” is not well defined, and no definition of an an-
imal has come to my knowledge _ which is ‘satisfactory. “Organized
being”’ is still wanting in a settled accurate meaning. The student is
referred to large treatises on subjects of natural history, for ingenious
attempts at definitions and nice distinctions.

§ SYSTEMATI€ ZOOLOGY.

communicating the sensation of sight, one for
sound, one for taste, and one for smell. Some of
the other divisions of animals have more or less
of these organs in greater or less perfection.

All animals seem to require a system of organs
for digesting food, for circulating fluids through
the body, and for oxydating those fluids. In ver-
tebral animals these organs consist of stomachs,
to which an alimentary canal is attached ; a heart
which is alternately compressed and expanded,
to which a set of arteries and veins are attached—
the former for conveying the fluids from the heart,
and the latter for returning them to the heart; lungs
or gills in which the same fluids are presented to the
oxygen of the atmosphere. Some animals have
their fluids oxydated by means of spiracles, some
by means of exterior membranous organs,

SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY.

Animals are distributed into groups, for the
convenience of ascertaining their names and of
studying their affinities. bese groupes or as-
gemblages are called Classes, Orders, Genera,
Species and Varicties. |

Liyneus distributed all animals into six classes,
4, Mammalia, viviparous and suckling the young,
2. Aves, oviparous, having two wings and two
feet. 8. Amphibia, lungs adapted to long sus-
pended respiration. 4. Pisces, fins and gills sub-
stituted for lungs. 5. Insecta, antenne in most
cases, members articulated to an external crust.
6. Vermes, body soft, members not articulated, or
wanting.

Cuvier subdivided several of these classes.—
Mammalia, ives, Amphibia and Pisces remain as

GRAND DIVISIONS. g.

Linneus left them, or nearly so. Insecta is di-
vided into three classes, to which is pretixed a
class taken from Vermes. ‘They are Annelida,
Crustacea, Arachnida, and Insecta. ‘The re-
mainder of the class Vermes is divided into Mol-
fusca, Echinoderma, Intestina, Acalepha, Polypi
and Infusoria. ‘The subdivisions are adopted in
this text-book.

GRAND DIVISIONS.

Tur suBJECTS OF ZOOLOGY ARE DISTRIBUTED
INTO FOUR GRAND DIVISIONS 3 BECAUSE ANIMALS
APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN ORGANIZED UPON FOUB
GENERAL PLANS,

[. RADIATED ANIMALS or ZOOPHYTES.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged.
in, or, in some unknown manner, attached to, @
medullary globule, spheroid or ring, with radiat-
ing branches.

Animals of this class are but little more com-
plicated in their structure than plants. No dis-
tinct system of nerves nor any ergans of sense,
have been discovered. Feint vestiges of circula-
tion are with difficulty perceived. Their respi-
ratory organs are mostly on the surface of the
body. Some receive their food through a mouth,
others through pores.

Some animals of this division may be cut across,
and both parts will live. ‘This is explained by
supposing the animal to consist of a celumn or
pile of distinct animals, and that the transverse cut-
ting produces a mere separation of a column of
individuals into several shorter columns,

a

40 GRAND DIVISIONS.

The process of reproduction among this di-
vision of animals resembles that of plants with
perfect flowers, Some of them may be propaga-
ted by cuttings like plants. In this, and in some
other | particulars, they seem to partake of the na-
ture of plants and animals ; and are therefore cal-
Jed zoophytes, or animal-plants. ‘They are the
most simple in their organization, and seem to
have been some of the earliest inhabitants of the
earth ; as some of the species are found in the
oldest rocks, which contain any petrifactions.

Example. Sea-hedghog, starfish, sea-nettle,
cerals, corallines, animalcule, tape-worm,

II. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged
ina number of medullary masses, dispersed in
different parts of a soft body. And though the
medullary masses are not always united by nervous
jilaments, the organs of sense and motion are ar-
ranged more or less on tieo sides of a nervous axts
or longitudinal series of medullary masses.

The principal medullary mass is situated upon
the throat. ‘ihe circulatory system is considera-
bly complicated ; much more so than that of the
articulated division. The bleod is dark colour-
ed or blue.. Fibrin appears more abundant than
in vertebral animals. ‘heir muscles are attach-
ed to many parts of the skin, forming a tissue
more or less complicated and compact. By va-
rious contractions and clongations they move,
swim, and perform other, motions. They have
considerable irratibility ; ‘the naked skin is very

be

GRAND DIVISIONS. 44

sensible and furnished with a liquid hamor which
issues from its pores.

Molluscous animals are generally covered with
plates of carbonate of lime, which serve as beds
er retreats from danger. ‘These plates, usually
ealled shells, are produced by secretion from the
skin. The process of reproduction greatly re-
sembles that of plants with perfect flowers ; rare-
ly that of dicecious flowers.

Animals of this division, though more compli:
cated in their digestive and circulatory system
than animals of the articulated division,* seem
to have been cotemporaries with the oldest of
the radiated division. For we find the remains
of several species of this division in the oldest
transition rocks, which rarely if ever, contain any
relics of the articulated or vertebral divisions.

Examples. Nautilus, snails, oysters, barni-
cles.

Hit. ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

In this division the sentient principle is lodged
an two lons cords, swelling at tervals into knots
or ganglyous, extending through a jointed body
in the longitudinal direction. The organs of sense
and motion are all double,and arranged on two
sides of the nervous axis. |

The principal ganglyon is placed near the
throat. They have jointed trunks or abdomens ;
and all but one class, have jointed limbs articula-

* Cuvier places this division between the vertebral and articulated,
en account of the greater perfection of the residence of the sentient
principle. For if the bee is more active than the oyster, so the cat
and pigeon are more active than man. But we have changed the or-
der to accommodate it to the study of petrifactions and shells ; for very

few have the means for studying the anatomical structure of mellus
ceous animals,

42 GRAND DIVISIONS.

ted to an external crust or to a rigid covering.
‘They draw in their food threugh suckers or tubes
serving as mouths, in most cases. Air vessels,
through which respiration is performed, open on
the sides of their bodies or limbs.

They have two eyes, which may be of two
kinds. The simple kind appears like a small
Jens. The compound kind has its surface divi-
ded into an infinite number of lenses ; each an-
swering to a fibre of the optic nerves. Excepting
the classes of jointed worms and of spiders, all ar-
ticulated animals have antenne ; being jointed, fi-
liform, flexible horns. With these they seem to
effect many purposes; such as examining bodies
within their reach, determining the state of the at-
mosphere, and to derive sensations of which we
have no knowledge.

They have the sense of smell and of hearing $
but itis not known in what organs these senses
are placed. Some have jaws of a curious char-
acter. Often a pair of strong pincers for grasp-
ang and breaking up their food, and for defence.
These are called mandibles. Two pairs within
these are called levers and lips. To the levers
or jaws are attached jointed filaments, called pal-_
pior feelers, which are supposed to serve the ani-
mal for examining its food. The tongue com-
monly adheres to the lower lever. In some the
fore feet serve in place of some of these appenda-
ges ; in others the jaws are increased in number.
Some have a proboscis or tube through which food
is imbibed.

They are mostly produced from eggs. Some
become perfect immediately from the egg ; but
more are changed from the egg to the larva, (cal-
Jed caterpillar, worm, maggot or skipper) from

GRAND DIVISIONS. 13

larva to crysalis, from crysalis to the perfect in-
sect. They are generally the most voracious
while in the larva state. Some live long in the
larva state, and but a short time in the state of
the perfect insect. As the cicadia septendecim
(American locust,) remains in the larva state sev-
enteen years, and in the state of perfect insect
but about a week, and eats nothing during that
period. Others are in the larva state but a short
time in proportion to their duration in the insect
state ; as musca domestica, the common house-fly.
which continues a long time and eats continually.

Animals of this division were probably created
before the vertebral. For it is said that the cast-
off crusts of the crysalis of some species are found
in older rocks than the bones of vertebral animals.
[ have never found any such relics. Perhaps
fish are found in formations about as old as any
of this division.

Examples. Angle-worm, leach, lobster, spi-
der, beetle, cricket, bee, butterfly, gnat.

IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

dn this division the sentient principle is lodged
ina medullary substance, the basis of which is in-
closed in a bony tube, composed of a column of ver-
tebre. :

To the nervous axis enclosed in a bony tube,
which is called the medulla spinalis, there is an
appendage at one extremity, denominated the
brain. ‘This is inclosed in a bony case, called the
cranium. But animals of this division have an-
other system of nerves, more analagous to the sys-
tems found in the other three divisions, than the

2

14 GRAND DIVISIONS.

medulla spinalis. Itis that system which extends
through the heart, lungs, and stomach, and is cuon-
nected with the brain by a very minute fibre.—
Nature seems to have been very solicitous to pro-
vide for the digestive, respiratory and circulatory
systems, in every division of animals. ‘The sys-
tem of nerves, devoted to this object, is kept al-
most distinct in vertebral animals, and the medul-
da spinalis, as well as the brain, seem to be but
appendages.

The organs of sense and motion are all double,
and are arranged on two sides of the nervous axis.
To the vertebral column are attached two series
of ribs, constituting the chief frame-work of the
body. Strong bony limbs are bound to each ex-
tremity of the bony column, which are mestly cov-
ered by the muscles which give them motion. All
the proper visera are iInclosed in the head and
trunk.

Both brain and medulla spinalis being peculiar
to this division, the sentient principle is much
more perfect in this than in the other divisions.
Here we find four pair of organs of sense. ‘Two
eyes, two ears, two nostrils, and two fleshy mass-
es constituting a tongue, or rather a pair of or-
gans of taste.

These animals have red blood, hearts with al-
ternate sistole and diastole motions, horizontal

* jaws adapted to the preparation of food for the di-
gestive process. ‘I'hey are viviparous or ovipa-
rous, and from the commencement of their lives
till death, they supply the daily waste of their
bodies by masticating and passing into the stom-
ach, aliment suited to their respective natures. A,

GRAND DIVISIONS. | 45

part of this aliment is carried into the circulatory
system by lymphatic vessels.

Animals of this division being more complicated
in their structure, are subject to a greater variety
ef diseases. “They have more acute pains and
more exquisite pleasures.

Examples. Man, bat, squirrel, elephant, deer,
whale, eagle, humming-bird, tortoise, crecodile,
viper, frog, ee!, shark, salmon.

16 ' SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE,

ACCORDING TO THE ORDER OF THE FOUR GRAND
DIVISIONS OF ANIMALS.

1 RADIATED ANIMALS.

The sentient principle in this division of ant-
mals, is scarcely manifest. Many of them being
fixed like a plant, and scarcely exhibiting any
signs of irritability, are hardly distinduiched from
plants, or even from minerals. if they are sen-
sible to pleasure or to pain, few of them have the
means of making their sensations known to man.

il. MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS.

The nervous and circulatory systems being
more complicated, we infer, from analogy, that
this division of animais possesses the sentient
principle in greater perfection. But such is their
clumsy structure, that they are incapable of evin-
cing their superiority to the radiated divisions, if
they are really superior. Some species of snail
have considerable locomotive power ; and exhibit -
signs of fear, and retreat suddenly from danger.
Some species of the bivalves change situation as
their wants seem to dictate. Little, however, can
be said of the sagacity of this division of animals.

WI. ARTICULATED ANIMALS.

Though the nervous and circulatory systems are
less perfect in this than in the last division of an-
imals, their forms being better adapted to the ex-
hibition of their pleasures, pains, and wants, they

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE, a

appear to be the more perfect. It requires the im-
agination to be severely disciplined by the con-
troul of the reasoning powers, and the authority
of analogy, to yield to the opinioa, that the clum-
sy inert shapeless oyster is more intelligent than
the frugal bee, the provident ant, and the revenge-
ful wasp. |

Among this division of animals, we discover
instincts, which guide their actions like the wisdom
of sages. Butas they have no brain, we cannot
ascribe to them any of those faculties of mind,
which seem to be lodged ne where but in that or-
gan.

IV. VERTEBRAL ANIMALS.

Animals of this division are furnished with the
appendage, at the anterior extremity of the medal-
la spinalis, denominated the brain. ‘'This appen-
dage consists of fibrous fascicles, radiating in pairs
from the end of the medulla spinalis, and termina-
ting at the inner suriace of the cranium, and inve-
loped in a soft ash-colored medullary substance.
‘These fascicles are few in number in the class of
jish, more in the class of amphibious animals,
more still in birds, and most of all in the class
mammatia, or in that class in which the young are
nourished with the milk of the dam. Experience
teaches us, that the sagacity of animals increases
as we ascend the scale of increased fascicles.—
The lizard and snake are more sagacious than
fish ; the bird more sagacious than lizards and
snakes ; the dog and horse more sagacious than
birds. u

In ascending the scale of orders in the class
mammalia, we find the increased number of cere-
Q*

4s SENTIENT PRINCIPLE,

bral fascicles indicating higher degrees of sagacity,.
until we arrive at the order d:manes, in which man
alone is found. Man has a different set of cere-
bral fascicles from any other animal. These fas-
cicles terminate in that part of the head called the
forehead, which, in most heads agrees in its boun-
dary lines with the limits of that part of the head
which is covered with hair. Many of the fasci-
cles terminating in that part of the human head
which is covered with hair, man has in common
with some other animals ; but those of the fore-
‘head are pecular to man.

RESIDENCE OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES OF MAN,
OR PHRENOLOGY.

It is the opinion of some philosophers, that the
¢aculties of the mind are distinct and located ; al-
so, that their particular locations may be ascer-
iained by a long course of careful observations.
The facts collected by such a course of observa-
tions, have been arranged in systematic order ;
and the authors of this arrangement have denom-
inated it the science of phrenology. Many con-
sider this pretended science as mere quackery, |
unworthy of any serious attention, Others have
treated it as a science, deserving particular at-
tention. It was scarcely noticed by men of sci-
ence in Europe or in America, excepting for pur-
poses of burlesque and ridicule, until the opinion
of the professors of the French National Institute
appeared in the printed journals. Though the
system of Gall and Spurzheim was not admitted
as ascience, the serious manner in which it was
d4reated by a constellation of the greatest men of
this age, and their decided approbation in relation

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 49

fo some important facts, discovered in the anato-
my of the brain, induced many learned men of
both.continents, to give the subject a serious dis-
cussion ‘The approbation of Sir Astley Cooper,
also induced much inquiry. Whatever may be
its fate, whether it is destined to die with its au-
thors, or to be received as a science, it seems ne-
cessary at the present day, to understand the gen-
eral outlines of its principles. We shall, there-
fore, give a few pages to the subject; merely suf-
ficient to acquaint the student with its principles,
without giving a detailed exposition of the au-
thors’ arguments or applications.

The mind is supposed to be a substance totally
distinct from matter, and to take its residence in
the brain for a season, in a manner somewhat
analagous to the residence of the electric fluid
in the tinfoil which lines a Leyden vial. As the
electric fluid may lie dormant here. or may be in
a situation to exert its powers, without destroying
it or changing its nature, so the mind may reside
in the brain tn a torpid or in an active state, with-
eut any essential change. As the electric fluid
may at one time reside in tinfoil, again in vapor,
and again in the earth, without any change or
without partaking of the nature of the tinfoil, of the
vapor, or of the earth ; so the mind cr soul may at
one time reside in the brain, at another in the re-
gions beyond the grave, without any change or
without partaking of the nature of the brain, &c.
And as the electric fluid will exert its powers,
while in connexion with the tinfoil, &c. to better
er worse advantage, as it is more or less favorably
situated, though its essential qualities willnot be
altered, so the mind will exert its powersto bet-

20 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE..

ter or worse advantage, while in connexion with
the brain, as it is more or less favorably situated,
though its essential qualities will not be altered.

In order to ascertain on what circumstances the
favorable operations of the powers of the mind de-
pend, an extensive series of comparisons was ne-
cessary. One point was soon ascertained. The
united observations of mankind for ages, has de-
monstrated, that all persens whose foreheads are
greatly compressed are idiots, though in the best
state of health. Hence a safe inference was drawn,
that the developement of a duly proportioned vo-
lume of brain in the forehead, is essential to the
advantageous exercise of the powers of the mind.
After proving that a due developement of volume
was necessary to common sense, enlarged and
compressed portions of the brain were to be ex-
amined, in cases of remarkable strength or weak-
ness in any of the faculties of the mind. Ifone
individual possessed remarkable discriminating
powers, and another was strongly predisposed tobe
at variance with others; and if the former had a
remarkable prominent ridge in the centre of the
upper part of his forehead, and the latter had an
unusual prominence back of his ears, the promi- |
nent ridge in the forehead would be called the or-
gan of discrimination, and the prominence back
of the ears, the organ of combativeness. Should
the same coincidence of prominences and faculties
frequently occur, after twenty or thirty years of
accurate observation, the location of them would
be considered as the residence of such faculties ;
and their volume would indicate their degree of
strength or weakness. :

ea

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 214

Upon such a course of observations, Gall and
Spurzheim have constructed their system. And
now they call upon the scientific world to apply
their rules to all the cases which occur to each ob-
server, in order to test their sysiem. The follow-
ing is a description of their rules in substance.—
We have omitted their minute subdivisions, which
seem to have been the result of that excessive
zeal which men often feel for a favorite theory.

PHRENOLOGICAL FACULTIES.

Orver LI.

The Feevinc Facuutirs. These are located
in that part of the cranium which is usually cov-
ered with hair. Some of these are found in other
animals.

Orver II.

The InreLLecruaL Facuities. These are
Jocated in that part of the cranium, which is usu-
ally destitute of a hairy covering. None of these
are found in any animals but men.

Men are said to be more strongly predisposed
to be controuled by their feelings, or by their in-
tellectual faculties, as the velumes of those two
parts of the head bear relation to each other, mea-
suring from the passage into the ear.

GENERA.
The first order is divided inte

Genus 1. Propensities. ‘This genus of facul-
ties includes the lower part of the order. Com-

*.
-

32 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

mencing with the cerebellum, it extends forward
of the ears to the boundary line of the second or-
der.

Grenus 2. Sentiments. This genus of faculties
includes the upper part of the order. Commenc-
ing above the greatest prominence in the back
part of the head, it extends forward to the boun-
dary of the second order.

The second order is divided into

Genus 3. Knowing faculties. This genus of
faculties includes the lower part of the order.

Genus 4. fieflecting faculties. This genus of
faculties includes the upper part of the order.

N.B. In well proportioned heads. the line of
division between the first and second genera, in
both orders, runs parallel to the base of the crani-
um, about equidistant between the top and bet-
tem of it,

SECTIONS.
Genus 1.

Section 1. Retiring benignity. Those facul-
ties which dispose to love, friendship and retire-
ment, also enable the possessor to concentrate his
thoughts in the investigation of abstruse subjects.

Location. In the back part of this genus 3; be-
ing the part of the head near the top of the neck,
and extending above the most prominent part of it.

Section 2. Invinsible seif-love. ‘Those facul-
ties which dispose to effect our own purposes,
whether controversies, secrecy, strong offensive
and defensive measures, private defensive build-
ings, or whatever other means may be required
for it,

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 23

Location. The forepart of this genus, being
wear the ears,

GENUS 2.

Section 3. Approving justice and firmness.—
Those faculties which dispose to cautiousness,
justice and firmness, with a consciousness of mer-
it and a desire for approbation.

Location. ‘Phe back part of this genus, being
in well proportioned heads, the highest part, and
extending downwards below the lateral promi-
nences.

Section 4. Benevolent enthusiasm. Those a-
culties which dispose to benevelence and an en-
thusiastic devotedness to the happiness of others
and to divine worship. It often leads to poetic
veveries and fantastic hopes.

Location. The fore part of this genus begin-
ning above the naked part of the forehead, running
about half way towards the crown, and extending
half way down towards the ears.

Genus 3.

Section 5. Klegant powers. Those faculties
which are adapted to music, painting, ready reck-
oning and eloquence.

Locality. That part of this genus which would
be included under a narrow belt, crossing the
eyes and extending up from the outer half of the
eyes, about half way to the top of the forehead.
The enlargement of the fascicles back of the eyes,
is indicated by prominent eyes. In these fasci-
cles the faculty of eloquence in particular is sup-
posed to reside.

24 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

Section 6. Inventive powers. Those faculties
which are adapted to the invention aud execution
of original plans, whether they relate to forms of
machinery, arranging the course of business in
which one is engaged, constructing scientific sys-
tems, or whatever else requires a talent for sug-
gesting original forms and schemes.

Location. That part of this genus which is si-

-tuated at the bottom of the centre of the forehead,

at the origin of the nose. ‘ihe breadth of the nose
at its origin and the projection of the forehead at
that point, indicate the strength of the faculties of
this section.

Section 7. Ready pereeption. ‘Those faculties
which are adapted to the ready acquisition of a su-
perficial knowledge of objects, such as to know a
human countenance after a single glance, to be
able to ennumerate the individual parts of an ex-
tensive pleasure ground, of an artificial work, or
of along story or song, without study or fatigue.

Location. The centre of the lower part of the
forehead, from above the origin of the nose to half
the height of the forehead. |

Genus 4,

Section 8. Philosephic powers. ‘Those facul-
ties which are adapted to the tracing of cause and
effect, to making accurate distinctions, to solving
mathematical problems, and to judging in all
other cases where the subject is so presented to
the mind as to be understood. | 7

Location. That part of this genus which occu-
pies the upper and middle part of the forehead,
and extends about half way to the origin of the
nose.

SENTIENT PRINCIPLE. 25

Section 9. Comic powers. Those faculties
which are adapted te the perception and perform-
ance of mimicries, and te comic and witty sayings.

Location. The upper corners of the forehead,
and extending down the outer limits of it half way

te the eyes.*

Remarks.

In estimating the nine sections of the head, gen-
eral dimensions should be considered in most cas-
es ; and no head can be a fit subject for examina-
tion which has been enlarged or distorted by dis-
ease. Sections 1, 3, 4, 6 and 8, should be esti-
mated by considering the dimensions of the brain
from the passage inte the ear. Section 2, should
be estimated by the diameter of the head immedi-
ately above the ears. Sections 5, 7 and 9, should
be estimated by comparing their prominent or
compressed state with the adjoining sections.

It is supposed that a well proportioned head
indicates intellectual strength, but want of mental
activity. And that a head whose sections are
greatly disproportioned to each other, indicates
great activity in the prominent locations. These
two rules are said to be founded on many obser-

*Gall and Spurzheim have weakened their system by descending
to 33 minute subdivisions. Sectzon 1, is divided into amativeness, phi-
loprogenitiveness, inhabitiveness and adhesiveness. Sec. 2, combat-
iveness, destructiveness, constructiveness, covetiveness and secretive-
ness. Sec. 3, cautiousness, conscienciousuess, firmness, love of appro-
bation, self-esteem. Sec. 4, benevoleace, veneration, hope, ideality.
Sec. 6, individuality, locality. Sec. 6, form, size, weight, momenta.
Sec. 7, colouring, order, time, number, fune, language. Sec. 8, com-
parison, causality. Sec.9, wit, imitation.

Those who wish to study the faculties, as here enumerated, are re-
ferred to Dr. Bell’s edition of Combe’s elements of Phrenology. Dr.
Caldwell, of Transylvania University, has published a work on this sub-
ject, which is said to possess great merit ; but I have not been able to
obtain a copy of it.

3

26 SENTIENT PRINCIPLE.

vations. It is explained on the principle, that
when all the sections arein equilibrio, the faculties
correct and moderate each other; while an un-
balanced faculty acts vehemently without re-
straint.

A weak faculty may be strengthened by exer-
cise, and a strong one may be weakened by neg-
lect. An amiable child may be made quarrel-
some and wicked by experiencing perpetual cruel-
ties. His faculty ef combativeness is thus strength-
ened by use ; while his faculty of benevolence he-
comes enfeebled for want of objects to excite it inte
healthy action. On the same principle evil pro-
pensities may be put down and the best sentiments
strengthened by careful and discreet culture.—
The great diversity in the mental faculties of hu-
man individuals is ascribed to the state of society
and individual education through many genera-
tions. Very little diversity is observed among
wild animals ; while individuals of the same spe-
cies of domesticated animals present heads very
different in form.

The advocates for this system of phrenology
suppose that it furnishes a ready solution of many
operations of the mind. Insanity (which often
seems to affect but one faculty of the mind, while
all the others remain unimpaired) they say may
be explained by supposing that pair of fascicles,
in which the disordered faculty is lodged, to be so
far impaired as to embarrass that faculty in the
exertion of its powers.

CAE AEE)

ELEMENTARY TERMS

EMPLOYED IN ZOOLOGY.

The science of animals was divided by Linneus into
six branches, each according with one of his six classes.
he French have prefixed a more general two-fold di-
vision. ‘These divisions, however, are rather popular
than scientific.

Animals are divided into

VERTEBRAL, having back-bones.

AVERTEBRAL, destitute of back-bones.

VERVEBRAL animals are divided into

1. QuapRUPEDs, the science of which has no popular
name. It includes four footed animals; as ox, dog,
mouse.

2. Birps, the science of which is called ornithology.
it includes the feathered tribe ; as pigeon, goose, wren.

5. AMPHIBIOUS ANIMALS, the science of which is call-
ed amphibiology. It includes those cold-blooded animals,
which are capable of living on dry land or in the water ;
as tortoise, lizard, serpent, frog.

4. Fisu, the science of which is called ichthyology. It
includes all aquatic animals, which have gills and fins ;
as shad, trout, sturgeon, eel.

AVERPEBRAL animals are divided into

5. Ixsecrs, the science of which is called entomology
It includes all animals with jointed bodies, which have
jointed limbs ; as flies, spiders, lobsters.

6. VerMEs, the science of which is called helminthol-
ogy. It includes all soft animals of the avertebral divis-
ion, Which have no jointed limbs, with or without hard
coverings ; as angle-worms, snails, oysters, polypi, in-
fusory animals,

28 : ELEMENTARY TERMS.

Remarks. These popular divisions are inserted for
the purpose of giving the mind of the student the right
direction, in regard to the language to which he has
been accustomed. For the same purpose, he should be
guarded against considering lava as entitled to a place
among vermes. ‘Though Jarvaare usually called worms,
they are insects on the transmigratory passage from the
ege tothe winged state. Therefore the student is to
consider the caterpillar, the maggot, the web-making
larva, and all other common animals called worms, ex-
cepting the angle-worm, as insects.

ELEMENTARY PARTS OF ANIMALS.

In describing animals, their bodies are divided into
ten parts. 1. Head, 2. Neck, 3. Thorax, 4. Abdomen,
5. Fore-legs, 6. Hind-legs, 7. Fore-feet, 8. Hind-feet,
9, Toes, 10. Tail. Four common appendages are in-
cluded, as elementary parts. 1. Horns, 2. Noses, 3.
Smellers, 4, Covering. ‘These parts are not found as
constituents or appendages of all animals ; but all ani-
mals are made up of more or less of them, or of what
are analagous to them.

ANALAGOUS PARTS OF ANIMALS.

i. Mammalia, head—Aves, head—Amphibia, lhead—
Pisces. head—Insects, head—Vermes, fore end.

2. Mam. neck—Av. neck—Am. neck—Pi. none—In.
neck or none—Yer. none.

3, Mam. thorax—Av. thorax—Am. thorax——Pi. thorax
—In. therax—Ver. nothing.

4; Mam. abdomen—Av. abdomen—Am. abdomen—Pi.
abdomen—In. abdomen—Ver. abdomen.

5. Mam. fore legs—Av. wings—Am. fore legs—Pi.
nothing—In. wings or nothing—Ver. nothing.

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 29

6. Mam. hind legs—Av. legs—Am. hind legs—Pi. noth-
ing—In. legs—Ver. fleshy processes or nothing.

7. Mam. fore feet—Av. quill-feathers—Am. fore feet—
Pi. pectoral fins—In. nothing—Ver. nothing.

S. Mam. hind feet—Av. feet—Am. hind feet—Pi. cau-
dal fins—lIn. tarsi—Ver. nothing.

9, Mam. toes—Av. toes—Am. toes—Pi. rays—In. hooks
—Ver. nothing.

10. Mam. tail—Av. rump and feathers—Am. tail or no-
thing—Pi. tail—In. tail or nothing—Ver. tail or no-
thing. |

APPENDAGES.

11. Mam. horns or nothing—Av. caruncle, crown or
nothing—Am. spines or nothiag—Pi. spines or no-
thing—In. antennee—Ver. nothing.

12, Mam. probosis or nose—Av. beak —Am. nose—Pi.
nose—In. proboscis or mandibles—Ver. nothing.

15. Mam. smellers or nothing—Av. nothing—Am. no-
thing—Pi. tentacule or nothing—In. palpi—Ver. ten-
tacule.

14. Mam. hair—Av. feathers—Am. crust, shell or no-
thing—Pi. scales—In. crust, scales or nothing—Ver.
shell, stoney tube or nothing.

I. RELATING TO THE HEAD.

OccIPITAL, pertaining to the back part of the head.

Lores, the naked lines on a bird’s head between the
eyes and the base of the bill.

AURICLES, ear-like feathers.

ManpisLes, the upper and lower jaws of a bird’s beak
or bill.

CERE, membrane covering the base of a bird’s bill.

FronTLet, the part back of the base of a bird’s bill,
generally bristly.

3%

30 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

CuLTrateE, a beak resembling a pruning-knife or coul-
ter.
WatTTLes, fleshy appendages under the chin.
MissiLE-Toneue, which may be thrust far out of the
mouth.
- NicTiTANT-MEMBRANE, a semi-transparent eye-lid.
_ Exserr, teeth, &c. projecting out.
- Incisors. front, or cutting teeth.
CusPIDATES, canine teeth, next to Incisors.
Motares, grinders, the teeth farthest back in the mouth.
Viprissak, smellers, hair of the nostrils.
ProvrrvusiLe, when the head may be thrust out.
RETRACTILE, When the head may be drawn in.
Errvuse, witha pouring outlet, like a pitcher nose in
the mouth of some shells, as cyprea,
Byssus, silky fibres at the hinge or head of some shells.
Bearp. tendril-form appendage to mouths of fish.
Giti-covers, the bony. or cartilagenous substance pla-
ced on the gill-membiane.
GILL-MEMBRANE, the membrane covering the gills.
BroncuiaL, pertaining to the gills.
STEmMMATA, small lucid. globules resembling eyes, on
the top of the head ; generally three in number.

Il. RELATING TO THE NECK.
Scraa, back of a bird’s neck.
InpisTincT, when the head and breast: grow in one
piece. |
fil. RELATING TO THE THORAX OR BREAST.
-VeEnTricies, the larger cavities of the heart.
AvricLes, the smaller cavities, above the larger, and
resembling ears in appearance...

ELEMENTARY TERMS, a.

LATERAL-LINE, the side-line of many fish, dividing the
back from the belly.

Dorsat, reiating to the back.

Dorsat-¥Ftns, any back-fin between the head and tail-fin.

PECTORAL FINS, a pair growing on each side the breat.

Potsrers or Haters, globules on slender stems under
the wings of some two-winged insects.

ScuTeL, or EscuTcHeon, a piece between the bases of
the upper wings, on the backs of insects.

HyaLinE Scuren, &c. glass-like.

iV. RELATING TO THE ABDOMEN OR BELLY.

NAYANT, floating in water.

TURBINATE, Shaped like a top.

PHOSPHORESCENT, emitting light in the dark,

ABDOMINAL, relating to the beily.

ABDOMINAL-RINGS, annulas, or ring-form segments of
the belly of insects ; generally 5.

Crioaca, a general vent, where eggs, urine and faces
are evacuated,

VENT, the aperture in fish where foeces, &c. are dis-
charged.

ANAL-FINS, one or more between the vent and caudal
fins.

ABDOMINAL-FINS, any where under thie fish, between the
head and vent.

Y. RELATING. TO FORE-LEGS AND WINGS;

AULULET, (spurious wing,) a tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on
the outer fore-joint of a bird’s wing.

TecTrIcs, (wing: coverts,) the longest feathers in a
wing, next above the quills.

Miwnor-TecTrRIcs, (lesser. wing-coverts,) the wing-fea-
thers above the tectrics.

32 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

ARTICULATED, united by a joint.

ELYTrRA, the upper shelly wings of insects.
TRUNCATE, appearing as if abruptly cut off at the end.
RetTvseE, ending in an obtuse sinus, or rounded notch.
DEFLEX, wings bent down arch-wise.

OCELLATE, eye-form spots.

VI; RELATING TO THE HIND LEGS.
Leas of insects are always 6 or more ; and are divided.
into thigh, shank and tarsus.
FETTERED LEGS, parily involved in the intigunem of
¥ the abdomen, or bent back, so as to be unfit for walk-
ing with facility.

VIL. RELATING TO FORE-FEET, &c.

Primary Remices. (quill-feathers,) the outer and lar-
gest quills of the wings.

Seconpary Remicss, smaller quills, adjoining the pri-
maries.

TERTIALS, inner smallest quills, adjoining the seconda-
ries.

PECTORAL-FINS, on each side of the breast, behind the
gills.

Rays, the fibres or bony spines of fins and gill mem-
branes.

VILL. RELATING TO THE HIND-FEET.
Natvant, feet and appendages formed for swiming.
GRESSORAL, feet formed for running or walking, with
three toes forward and one back ; the two outer toes
mostly jointed haif way.

ScaNsoRIAL, feet formed for climbing ; two toes forward
and two back.

PERCHING, grasping, hawk-like.

CHELATE Craws, forcipaied foremost feet in some in-
sects, as lobster.

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 33

‘Larsus,* the ancle or foot of an insect, generally lone

and many-jointed.
CaUDAL-FINS, on the end of fishes tails.

IX. RELATING TO THE TAIL.

PREHENSILE, formed for coiling around, and holding
by, substances.

Rump, the cordate process supporting the tail of a bird.

TAaiL-FEATHERS, the large feathers of the tail, general-
ly 12, sometimes 10, 18, 20, 24.

EXPANSiLE, capable of being spread.

Tain-coverts, the clump of feathers next above the
rump.

UropyeialL, (or hypochondriac,) several long feathers
above on each side the tail, differing in form from the
others.

X. RELATING TO ‘THE HORNS, ANTEN-
NAS, &c.

ANTENN4, the horns or jointed processes on the heads
of insects, generally forward of the eyes. ‘They are
short, when not so long as the body ; long, when lon-

_ ger; moderate, when about equal.

SETACEOoUS ANTENN®, shaped like a bristle, tapering
from base to point.

FusirorM, spindle-form, being largest near the middle
and tapering both ways.

LAMINATED, consisting of several thin flat portions.

FILIFoRM, thread-form, of nearly equal size through its
whole length.

CuavaTe, club-form, thickening at the end, sometimes
ending in a knob.

* In numbering the joints, the last cylindric one is reckoned, leaving
nothing out ofthe number but minute claws at the very tip.

34 ELEMENTARY TERMS.

PERFOLIATE, knobs or joints flattened into circular
plates, so that the antenna seems to pass through their
centre. —

MoNILIFORM, joints more or less globular, so that the
whole in some manner resembles a string of beads.
SERRATE, joints so formed that the sides of the on

resemble saw-teeth.

PECTINATE, comb-form, numerous fine processes aac
one or both sides, pointing somewhat towards the tip.

BaRBATE, processes pointing backward,

FisstLe. split at the tip into several flat separations.

PrisMATic, having two or more flat sides.

DIFFRACTED, twice bent; first outwardly, then for-
ward, as in ants.

CaRuNCLE, fleshy protuberance on the heads of some
birds, as turkies,

XI. RELATING TO PROBOSCES, NOSES, TEN-
TACULA. &c.
Progosctis, elongated tubular snout or sucker.
TENTACULA, the arms, or {celers, of insects and vermes.
Paper, the feelers attached to mouths of insects.
LENTICULAR, resembling small lentils which are some-_
What the form ofthe convex glasses in spectacles.

XIL RELATING TO HAIR, FEATHERS, &c.

CINEREOUS, greyish, colour of ashes.

ScAPuLARS, feathers descending down Ts side of the
back.

INTERSCAPULARS, the back-feathers, between the bases
of the wings.

MatLep, covered with a kind of long hard armor.

CATAPHRACTED, callous skin, or cartilagenous scales,

ELEMENTARY TERMS. 35

Muricateé, clothed with sharp rigid points.
EcuinaTe, covered with prickles, as hedge-hog.
TorosE, knobbed, like a toad.

PAPILLosE, covered with fleshy pimples.
Lacunoss, covered with small pits.

Pruinose, covered with frost-like meal.
PELLUCID, clear, transparent.

XH. RELATING TO REPRODUCTION.

Yiviranovs, bringing forth young without eggs, being
first produced alive.

Oviparots, young from eggs.

STOLONIFEROUS, produced by cions or shoots.

Ovum, the egg as first produced from the animal.

Larva, animal in the caterpillar or maggot state.

Popa, (aurelia, nymph, chrysolis,) quiescent state of an
insect after passing from the larva,

ImaGo, the perfect, full-formed insect.

(wr)
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS.

Having considered the animal kingdom with
yeference to the succession of animals in the or-
der of creation, and the sentient principle; we
now commence with a system of classification.
adapted to the analysis of animals, for the pur-
pose of ascertaining generic and specific names.

THE VBRTEBRAL ANIMALS ARE DISTRIBUTED
INTO FOUR CLASSES.

4. MamMALia, viviparous and the young nour-
ished by the milk ef the dam.

Heart with two ventricles and two auricles.—
Lungs respire alternately.

Examples. Man, ape, bear, beaver, sloth, horse,
ox, Whale.

2. Avis, oviparous, having two wings and two

eet.

Heart with two ventricles and two auricles, ce-
vering imbricate feathers. Lungs ventilated by
alternate contractions and expansions of air cells
below thei ; not by their own motion. Jaws, or
mandibles, naked and without teeth. Ffars with-
eut auricles. |

Examples. Hawk, swallow, parrot, hen, crane,
=00se.

3. AmpuHinia, capable of suspending respiration
a long time, without impeding the circulation of the
blood.* Oviparous or viviparous, without fins.

Heart with one ventricle. Cold-blooded, coy-
ered with strong scales or with a naked skin.

* Cuvier and several other zoologists substitute reptilia for amphtbte.
Cuvier’s own definition is founded on the amphibious nature of thig.
class ; while the lizard and frog are not reptilious.

38 CLASSES.

Examples. Tortoise, lizard, snake, frog, sal-
amander, proteus, siren.

4. Pisces, oviparous, having fins, and no feet.

Heart with one ventricle, blood cold, gills sub-
stituted for lungs, covering imbricate scales.

Examples. Sturgeon, sunfish, pipefish, shad,
bullhead. |

ARTICULATED ANIMALS

ARE DIVIDED INTO FOUR CLASSES,

5. Annevipa, without a bony skeleton and hav-
ing red blood Body soft, elongated ; covering di-
vided into numerous tr nsveErse rings.

Mostly living in water. Some of them secrete
calcareous matter, which forms a stony, tubular
covering.

Examples. Earth-worm (angle-worm) sea-
pipe, leech, hair-snake.

6. Crusracres, animals with jointed hmbs,
which are articulated to a hard calcareous crust.
They respire by a kind of gills.

_ Their gills are pyramidal, made up of plates, or
bristly with threads, plumes or simple plates.
They generally occupy the base of the feet. ‘They
have mostly four antennz, ten feet and six jaws :
one under lip is always wanting.

Example. Lobsters, crabs, horse-hoofs.

7. ARACHNIDA, animals with jointed limbs, with-
outantenne They respire by little openings ator
near the termination of the thorax, which lead to
organs resembling lungs ; or by little trachee or
pipes distributed over the whole body.

- The head and thorax are blended together,
They have mostly six or eight eyes, and eight

CLASSES. 39

feet. They feed chiefly upon living animals.
They do not pass through any material change
after they are produced, as insects do.

Examples. Spider, grey-beard.

8. Insecta, animals with jointed limbs, and an-
tena. They respire by two principal trachee or
pipes running parallel to each other through the
whole body ; which throw off at intervals many
branches to the surface of the body, through which
air 7s admitted. |

The head and thorax are distinct, antenne two.
They are mostly winged, having one or two pair;
afew are without wings. ‘They have six feet,
excepting that some of the wingless genera have
more : their mouths consist of six pieces, dispos-
ed in pairs, but do not all move in the same direction.
One pair is sometimes called the mouth or mandi-
bles, another the lips, another is a kind of cloven
tongue. In some insects the mandibles become a
kind of beak. Most insects pass through several
states of transmigration. 1. The egg, 2. the lar-
va, 3. the chirysails, 4. the perfect insect.

Example. ‘thousand-leg, flea, grasshopper,
butterfly, miller, house-ily. |

MOLLUSCOUS ANIMALS

ARE INCLUDED IN ONE* CLASS.

9. Motuusca, bodies soft without internal skele-
ton, external crust or jointed limbs. Covering, a
soft skin without rings ; sometimes defended by
stony plates. .

Blood white or bluish. Their muscles being
attached to the skin without any solid supporters ;

* Cuvier divides them into six classes. But it appears to be more
convenient to make orders of such obscure classes.

40 GLASSES.

their motions consist in various curvilinear con-
tractions, contortions and elongations.
Examples. Snail, slug, oyster, clam.

RADIATED ANIMALS

ARE DIVIDED INTO FIVE CLASSES.

10. EcHINODERMA, spine covered animals. They
have intestinal organs of respiration and for a par-
tial circulation.

Their organized structure is more complicated
than that of any other class of this division.

Kxamples. Sea-star or star fish, sea-hedgehog.

41, Inrestina, animals inhabiting the bodies of
other animals. "They have no discoverable organs
for respiration or for circulation.

They are generally oval, long, terete or com-
pressed ; with their orgaus longitudinally ar-
ranged. Some have an intestinal canal, others
have none. ‘They generally inhabit the intes-
tines,* glands, or cellular integuments of other
animals.

Examples. 'Tape-worm, hydatids.

12. AcaLepna, circular radiated animals, with.
out organs of respiration ag circulation.

They are the largest of “the Zophytes. They
differ from the class Polypi by the developement
of the tissue of their organs.

Examples. Sea-anemone, zoanthus, kraken ?

13. Po.ypi, small gelatinous animals with mouths
surrounded by tentacule. The conducting tube,
passing into the stomach, simple or passing down in
the form of vessels.

* Cuvier says, the most efficacious vermifuge is animal oil mixed
with oil ef turpentine.

ORDERS. 4i

This class embraces.that numerous tribe of
compound animals which inhabit or rather com-
pose, fixed stems, offea called marine plants,

Examples. Corais, sponges, sea- fans.

44. Inrusoria, animals which abound in stag-
nant liguids only ; and which cannot be discovered
without the microscepe.

Most of these animals are gelatinous without
any organized viscera. But some of them are
more or less complicated in their structure ; hay-
ing a stomach and organs for motion.

Examples. Vibrio, volvox.

CLASS MAMMALIA
IS DIVIDED INTO EIGHT ORDERS.

1. Biman, having two hands and cuspidate
teeth. |
cep Man. Be

2. QuapRuMANI, having four funds and cuspi-
date teeth.

ee a :

Examples... Ape, ourang-outang.

ve eee ae
3. CaRnivori, having cuspidate “hs ecth, “toes
with nails and no thumbs. ga ed

Examples. Bat, hedgehog, Sela e art Raste
bear, martin, dog, wolf, weazle, — cat, on
seal, opossum.

4. Arrosores, (rongeurs) gnawers, or animals
having incisors in both jaws and no cuspidate teeth ;
toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on vegetable
substances.

Examples. Beaver, rat, squirrel, hare.

5. EDENTATA, animals without incisors, and
with hoof-like nails.
* 4

AR ORDERS.

Examples. Sloth. armadillo, duckbill.

6. Pacuyperma, thick-skin animals, with hoofs
and without clavicles.

Examples. Elephant, mastodon (extinct) hip-
popotamus, hog, rhinoceros, paleotherium (ex-
tinct,) tapir, horse, zebra.

7. RuminantTes, animals which chew the cud,
have incisors below only, and feet with cloven hoofs.

Examples. Camel, musk, deer, girafi, ante-
fope, goat, sheep, ox.

8. Cure, aguatice animals, without any hind feet ;
and whose fore feet are degenerated into fin-like
limbs.

Kxamples. Whale, dolphin, porpoise, nar-
whal, physeter.

II. CLASS AVES

YS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS.

ak Accirirres, birds of prey, with strong hook-
he puss & ‘
ed beaks and claws. They have four toes ; the

? igh and Oe inner one of the other three are

ig larg Era wee,

= Sime eelienivorous ; feeding on other birds,
or small ie upeds, reptiles, &e.

a me ly “Vulture, hawk, buzzard, eagle.

eae

i> Pueeeay sparrow- -like birds ; including all
uiioh are not swimmers, waders, or runners, climb-
ers, birds of prey, or of the gallinaceous kind.

Examples. Grackle, fly- -catcher, thrush, crow,

oriole, warbler, wren, swallow, hum-bird, king-

bird or bee-eater, king-fisher, lark, sparrow, robin,

paradise-bird.

ORDERS. 43

3. Scansores, (grimpeurs,) climbers ; includ-
ing those birds whose outer toe is directed back-
wards with the thumb-toe, by which they are sup-
ported in climbing and in fastening themselves to
trunks of trees.

Examples. Woodpecker, wryneck, cuckoo,
barbet, parrot, parrakeet.

4, Gauuinaces, including all gallinaceous or
henlike birds. Forward toes united partially at the
base and jagged along their edges.

Examples. Peacock, turkey, pheasant, hen,
grous, patridge, quail, pigeon.

5. GRaLuaTores, (echassiers,) large-stepping
birds, mostly with the two outer toes partially
united. 3

They either wade in water or run on dry land,
The strong-bilied kind mostly live on fish ; those
with slender bills feed on insects.

Examples. Ostrich, lapwing, plover, oyster-
catcher, crane, stork, heron, boat-bill, ibis, spoon-
bill, woodcock, curlew, sand-piper, screamer, rail,
coot, water-hen, flamingo.

_ 6. AnsereEs, (palmipedes,) feet palmate, most-
ly having the toes connected by membranes, and
formed for swimming. 7

Examples. Diver, merganser, auk, penguin,
petrel, albatross, gull, tern, skimmer, pelican,
goose, duck, swan.

Ill. CLASS AMPHIBIA

IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS.

4. Cuevonia, reptiles with two auricles to the
heart ; having back shells and four feet.

SA
oe:

44 ORDERS.

Examples. Tortoise, turtle, matmata.

2. Sauria, reptiles having two auricles to the
heart ; covered with scales and Aaving four feet.

Examples. Crocodile, lizard, basalisk, drag-
on, chamelion.

3. Oruipia, reptiles with two auricles to the
heart, and desti:ute of feet.

Examples. Serpents or snakes, hydra and vi-
per.

4, BaTracuia, reptiles with one auriele to the
heart, body nuked. and heving four or two feet.

Examples. Frog, toad, tree-toad, salamander,
proteus, siren.

Iv. CLASS PISCES

IS DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS.

4. Apoprs,* o7/l-membranes (if any) with long
rays ; ventral fins none.

Examples. el, sword-fish.

2. JUGULARES, gill membranes with bony rays ;
ventral fins before the pectoral. 3

Examples. Codfish, blenny. .

3. Tuoracict, gli membranes with bony rays ;
vertebral fins under the pectoral.

Examples. Bullhead, flounder, hollibut, mack-
erel. |

4. ABBDOMINAL#S, gill-membranes with long
rays ; ventral fins back of the pectoral.
Examples. Salmon, trout, sea-pipe, shad, carp.

* I adopt the orders of Linneus in this class ; because, in my opin-

ion, they are preferable to those of Cuvier, and will eventually be
retained. ont '

@RDERS. 45

5. Brancurosrecus, skeleton cartilaginous,
without ribs; having gill-membranes ; with or
without gillecovers.

Examples. Sucker, mullet, sun-fish.

6. CHoNDROrPTERYGIOUS, skeleton cartilagen-
ous, without ribs ; gill-membranes wanting ; with
or without gill-covers.

Examples. Lamprey, ray, shark, sturgeon.

V. CLASS ANNELIDA
IS DIVIDED INTO THREE ORDERS.

4. Tupsicona, articulated, semi-m: lluseous ani-
mals, with red blood, encased in calcarevus tubes.

Examples. Serpula or sea-pipe, amphitrite,
tooth-shell or dentalium.

2. Dorsisrancuta, back-gilled Their respira-
tory organs ure distributed all along the body to-
wards one side, called the back.

Examples. Nereis, aphrodite.

3. Aprancuia, having no gills or other respira-
tory organs ; but their respiration is performed by
the entire surface of the skin.

Examples. Angle-worm, leech or blood-suck-
er, nais, gordius or hair snake.

Vil. CLASS CRUSTACEA

IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE ORDERS.

4. Decapopta, ten-footed. Head confounded
with the trunk ; eyes moveable ; mandibles with
palpi or feelers.

The gills are situated at the outer base of the
feet. A numerous order.

Example. Crabs, lobsters.

‘= \>

AG ORDERS.

2. Sromapopia, hody-footed. Head distinct
Jrom the trunk, and divided into two parts ; and the
Sore part bears the antenne and the moveable eyes ;
mandibles bearing palpi.

The gills are plume-like.

Example. Crawfish.

3. Ampuipopia, fcet all the length of the body.
Head distinet fiom the body, being one piece only ;
eyes immovable ; maniibles bearing palpt.

The gills or respiratory organs are vesicles si-
fuated at the interior base of the feet.

Example. Gammarus.

4. Isovopia, equal footed. Head generally dis-
tinet from the trunk ; mouth. composed of several
jaws ; maniibles without palpi, but the two lower
jaws resemble a lip bearing two palpi.

_ Gills cr respiratory organs generally situated
on the under side of the trunk. ;

Examples. COniscus, sowbug.

5. Brancuteopes, gills or respirable organs on
the fin-like feet. Mouth is sometimes in the form
of a beak, other times composed of many jaws :
no palpi.

Examples. Limulus, cecrops, cyclops.

VIT. CLASS ARACHNIDA
18 DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS,

4. Putmonanta, having pulmonary or respira-
tory sacks. ,

Examples. Aranea or proper spider, mygale,
tarantula, scorpion. | Are

2. Tracuenta, respiratory organs are trachee
or radiated and branched tubes.

ORDERS. 47

Examples. Galeodes, shepherd or phalangita,
mite er acorus.

Vill. CLASS INSECTA
IS DIVIDED INTO TWELVE ORDERS.

14. Mvyriaropia, many-footed. Wingless.

The number of their feet above six, disposed
along the whole extent of the body upon a succes-
sion of rings, one or two pair to each ring; the
first and sometimes the second make part of the
mouth.

Examples. Julus or round centipede, poly-
desmus, scolopendra or flat centipede.

2. Tuysanoura, fringed. Wangless.

They walk upon but six feet; but they have
other particular organs of movement along the
sides or at tie extremity of the body, giving it
somewhat the appearance of being fringed or be-
set with bristles.

Examples. Lepisma, podura.

8. Parasiva, parasttes, crawling upon other an-
wmals. Wingless.

They have two smooth eyes: a snout enclosing
a retractile sucker.

Examples. Pe:liculus or louse, ricinus or bird
louse.

4. SutTortia, suckers. Wingless. The beak
consists ofa sucker enclosed in a cylindric sheath of
two articulated pieces

Example. Pulex or flea.

5. CoLteorTera, sheath-winged. Having four
wings ; the outer puir (called elytra) beng crusta-
ceous eases, and the inner pair folded transversely.

4§ ORDERS.

They are the most numerous and best known of
allinsects. ‘They are easily preserved, and make
a beautiful appearance in cases under glass.

Examples. Cicindela, carabus, dytiscus, gyri-
nus, elater or taupin (the snap-bug) ptinus, hister,
silpha, dermestes, (leather-chaffer) hydrophilus,
(diver) scarabeus, (beetle) lytta, (blistering fly)
cerambyx, (goat-chaffer) coccinella, (lady-bird.)

6. ORTHOPTERA, stratt-winged. Having four
wings ; the outer pair being generally coriaceous,
and the inner patr platted longitudinaily. —

Their mandibles and jaws formed for mastica-
tion. "They are all dry-land insects.

Examples. Forficula, (ear-wig) blatta, (cock-
roach) mantis, (soothsayer) phasma, (spectre)
phyllum, (walking-leaf) gryllus, (grass-hopper
jocust.)

7. Hemiptera, halfwinged. Having four
wings ; the upper part of the outer pair generally
crustaceous, and the lower part membranaceous, and
almost always crossing each other.

They have no jaws, but a sucking beak.

Examples. Cimex, (bug) nepa, (water-scor-
pion) notonecta, (boat-fly) fulgora, (fire-ily) thrips,
_ aphis, (plant-louse) coccus, (cochineal. )

8. Nreuroprera, nerve-winged. Having four
naked membranaceous wings, finely reticulated ; the
inner pair as large as the outer, or larger one way.

Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas-
fication. Outer and inner wings alike. |

Examples. Ephemera, (day-fly) panorpa,
(scorpion-fly) myrmeleon, (lion-ant) hemerobius,
(golden eye) raphidia, termes, (ticking insect)
phryganea, (cadow-ily.)

ORDERS. 49

9, Hymenorrera, membrane-winged. Having
four naked membranaceous wings ; the inner or pos-
terior pair smaller than the others.

Their mandibles and jaws are formed for mas-
iication. Outer wings less nerved than those of
the neuroptera. A large order.

Examples. ‘Tenthredo, (saw-fly) cymbex,
urocerata, (tailed-wasp) ichneumon, sphex, (soli-
tary wasp) cynips, (gall-fly) chrysis, (golden
wasp) formica, (ant) vespa, (wasp) apis, (bee) li-
bellula. 3

40. Lepipoprera, scaly-winged. Having four
membranaceous wings covered with small scales re-
sembling dust.

They have a double coiled hollow tongue sub-
stituted for jaws. An elegant and extensive or-
der. .

Examples. Papilio, (butterfly) sphinx, (hawk-
miller) phalena, (candle-miller. )

14. Ruiprera, thrust-winged. Having two
membranaceous wings plaited into a fan, with two
small elytra-like or crustaceotis moveable bodies near
the origin of the membranaceous wings at the poste-
_ ror part of the corset. : my

They have two simple jaws in the form of bris-
tles, with two palpi. These rare insects live be-
tween the scales on the bedies of some insects of
the order of Hemiptera. piel, Race

Examples. Xenos, stylops.

12. Diptera, two-winged. Having two wings,
mostly with poisers, being two moveable bodies, un-
der them. | eons

The wings are membranaceous. They have
no Jaws, but have bristle-form suckers.

5

50 ORDERS.

_ Examples. ‘Tipula, (crane-fly) culex, (gnat)
asilus, (hornet-fly) empis, bombilius, musca,
(house-fly) tabanus, (great horse-fly) conops, cs-
irus, (gad-fly) hippobosca, (common horse-fly.}

IX. CLASS MOLLUSCA

. IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR ORDERS.

4. Nupata, destitute of a shell.
Examples. Slug or naked snail, cuttle-fish.
2. Muxtivatva, having shells with more than
two valves.
Examples. Barnacles, acorn-shells.
8. Bivatyva, having shells with two valves.
Kxamples. Clams, oysters, scollops.
4, Univauva, having shells with single valves.
Examples. Snails, conk-shells. :

xX. CLASS ECHINODERMA

IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

4, PepicELLA, having stem-like organs, which
are applied by the animals for the purpose of toco-
motion. :

Examples. Asterias, (star-tish} echinus, (sea-
hedgehog) holothuria.

2. ApoDaA, having no organs for locomotion.

_ Examples. Siponculus, molpadia, minyas.

XL CLASS INTESTINA

IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

4. Caviroria, having internal cavities and a
mouth. |

ORDERS. 51

Examples. Ascaris, strongylus, lernza, (gill-
‘Worms. )

2. ParencuyMaTa, destitute of internal cavi-
ties and of mouths ; having pores for imbibing nu-
friment.

Examples. Fasciola (fluke) planaria, tenia,
(tape-worm) scolex, ligula.

XT. CLASS ACALEPHA
IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

i. Arrixata, fiwed at their bases, at pleasure,
though not often moving far.
Examples. Actinia (sea-anemone,) lucernaria.

2. LiperaTa, not fived ; but swimming or float-
ing from place to place.
‘Examples. Medusa (sea-nettle) beres, cestrum.

XII. CLASS POLYPI
_ IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

me Nupata, naked polyp.
Examples. Hydra, (brachial nalypaes vorti-
cella (flower polypus. )

2. Potyverra, stone-cased polypi.

Examples. ‘Tubipora (tubipore coral,) sertu-
laria (sea-moss,) flustra (sea-mat,) cellepora, (cel-
lepore coral,) corallina (coralline,) antipathos (sea-
fan,) isis (jointed coral,) madrepora (madrepore
coral,) millepora (many-pored coral,) retepora
(net-mesh coral,) pennatula (sea-pen,) alcyonium
(fungus coral,) bie (sponge. )

aoe @RDERS.

XIV. CLASS INFUSORIA
IS DIVIDED INTO TWO ORDERS.

1. Rorirera, roundish or oval and having «

qouth and limbs.
Examples. ‘Tricheda, brachionus, vorticella.

2. Homocgenta, having neither mouth nor

fimbs, nor any viscera.
Examples. Cerearia, vibrio, monas,, volyox.

cate +) a

CLASS I. MAMMALIA.

ficmarks, his class is not entirely depen-
dant on instinct ; for every animal of this class
possesses fachities Which enable it to accommo:
date its views to. necessitous or restricted circum-
stances. ‘Their lungs are divided into two lobes;
and their trunks are. divided transversely by a
diaphragm. ‘The part above the diaphragm con-
tains the heart and lungs; the part below contains
the stomach and all that part of the alimentary
canal, which is below the upper opening into the
stomac h. gre

The animals of this class have the most com-
plicated structure and the most delicate sensa-
tions ; consequently are subject to the greatest
variety of disease. "Their desires are multifari-
ous ;. and while seeking their gratification, they
bring into eperation and greatly perfect all their
various functions. ‘Their brains are larger than
those of other classes which have brains; and a
slight derangement of the brain, dee iome: life.

THE CLASS. MAMMALIA 1s DrvIDED- INTO:
EIGHT ORDERS a te

ORDER 1. BIMANEL

Having two hands and cuspidate teeth. ree.
ing on animal and. vegetable substances. . os Rouge

Homo, (man) body erect, and sustained upon
two feet ;. face nearly vertical, or: forming 7 an an-
sle of more than seventy degrees with the basis of
the cranium..

eR

54 CLASS<. ORDER It. & IIT.

ORDER 2. QUADRUMANI.
A ving four’ hands and cuspidate teeth.

Sin A, (ape, monkey, ourans- -outang,) front
teeth four in each j jaw, placed near together 5 ca-
nine teeth solitary, longer than the ethene, dis-
tant from the remaining teeth or grinders ; grind-
ers obtuse.

Lemur, (macauco ape,) front teeth in the upper
jaw four, intermediate ones remote : in the lower
jaw six, longer, stretched forward, compressed,
parallel, approximated ; canine teeth solitary, ap-
proximated ; grinders several, somewhat lobed,
the foremost somewhat longer ‘and sl harper.

Remarks. This order of animals appreaches
the first order in some particulars. But they are
decidedly quadrupeds; as they always walk upon
four legs. They have four hands, though they
walk upon t them. “For the thumb is always plac-
ed opposite to the other fingers, as in the human
hand—never parallel to them like the first toe of
a foot.

The brain differs widely from the human brain.
‘The cerebr rum is divided on each side into three —
‘lobes, whe re: 1s the buman brain consists of one

tohe only wi side. 3

ORDER 3. CS

: stances. ee

Sec. A. eee Lfootell animals.

4 Vesperri.io, (bat, -flying- mouse,) teeth erect,
sharp-pointed, approximated, hands palmated

CLASS I. ORDER It. 5S

with a membrane surrounding the body, giving the
animal the power of flying.

GALEOPITHECUS, (fiying-cat,) front teeth in the
upper Jaw none ; in the lower one 6, short, broad,
distinct, pectinated ; canine teeth very short, tri-
angular, broad, sharp, serrated ; grinders 4, tran-
cated and muricated, with conical protuberances 3
flying skin surrounding the body, limbs, and tail.

Sec. B. Insect-eaters, issuing out in the night
in search of food 3; walk slow.

Erinaceus, (hedge-hog,) front teeth 2, both
above and below ; those of the upper jaw distant s
of the lower approximated 3 canine teeth on each
side, in the upper jaw 5, in the lower 3 ; grinders
on each side 4, both above and below; body coy-
ered on the upper part with spines.

SOREX, (shrew-mouse,) front teeth in the up-
per jaw 2, long and bifid ; in the lower 2 or 4, the
intermediate ones shorter; canine teeth several on
each side 5 grinders cuspidate.

Tawra, (mole,) front teeth in the upper jaw 6,
unequal; in the lower jaw 8, canine teeth one on
each side, the upper ones largest; grinders 7 in
ihe upper jaw, 6 in the lower.

See. C. Proper flesh-eaters.

Ursus, (bear, badger, raccoon,) front teeth 6,
above and below, the two lateral ones of the low-
er jaw longer than the rest and lobed, with smal-
ler or secondary teeth at their internal bases ; ca-
nine teeth solitary ; grinders 5 or 6 on each side,
the first approximating to the canine; tongue
smooth ; snout prominent ; eyes furnished with a
nictitating membrane.

59 - €LASS i. ORDER II,

Lurra, (otter,) incisors 6, sharpish ; canine
teeth longer ; feet webbed.

Canis, (dog, wolf, fox, hyena,) incisors in up-
per jaw 63 latteral ones longer, distant; inter-
mediate — lobated ; in lower jaw 63; lateral
ones lobated; canine teeth solitary, incurved :
grinders 6 or 7, (or more than the other genera of
this order. ).

Viverra, (weesel, skunk, civit,) incisors 6,
sharpish ; canine teeth longer; tongue in some
smooth, in others aculeate backwards ; body ofa
lengthened form.

Fenis, (cat, lion, tiger, panther, lynx,) front
teeth 6; intermediate ones equal 5 Sesoee three
on each side ; tongue aculeated backw ards; claws
retractile. |

Sec. D. Amphibious carnivorous animals, |

Puoca, (seal,) fore-teeth in the upper jaw 6,
pointed, parallel ; exterior larger; in lower Jaw 4,
bluntish, parallel, distinct, equal ; ; canine teeth,
one on each side, in both jaws, large, pointed ;
upper ones distinct from the incisors, the lower
ones distinct from the grinders ; grinders 5 on
each side above, 6 below, obtusely tricuspidate.

TRICHECHUS, (morse, sea-cow, sea-horse, wal-
rus,) fore teeth (in the full grown animal) none, el-
ther above or below ; tusks solitary in the upper
jaws grimders. with wrinkled surfaces ; ; lips dou-
bled ; hind feet at the extremity of the ald ‘unit
ing into a fin.

Sec. E.. Pouched carnivorous animals.

Dive puis, (oppossum,) front teeth small, round:
ed; superior 10, the two middle ones longer ;

CLASS i ORDER Ly. 57

inferior 8, the two middle ones broader and very
short; canine teeth long ; grinders denticulated $
tongue ciliated with papilla ; teats (in most spe-
cies) contained in an abdominal pouch.

Macrovus, (kangureo,) front teeth in upper
jaw 6, (in young ones 8,) emarginated ; in lower
jaws 2, very large, long, sharp, and pointed for-
ward ; grinders. 5 on each side, both in upper
and lower jaw, distant from the other teeth ; fore
legs very short; hind legs very long; the female
haying an abdominal pouch.

ORDER 4. ARROSORES.

Having incisors tn beth jaws and no euspidate
s Z P
teeth ; toes with nails ; feeding almost wholly on
vegetable substances. They are the proper gnaw-
ers.

Castor, (beaver,) incisors in the upper jaw
iruncated and excavated with a transverse angle ;
in the lower jaw transverse at the tips ; grinders
on each side 43 tail long, depressed and scaly ;
has collar Lidiies.

Mus, (rat, mouse,) upper incisors wedge-form ;
_ grinders 3 on each side, rarely 25; having collar
bones.

Myoxus, (dormouse,) incisors 2, upper wedge-
form, lower ee. aes grinders 4 in each jaw;
vibrissz long ; tail cylindric, villose, thicker to-
wards the end ; legs of equal ALS 4 toes to
each fore foot.

Divus, (long-foot mouse,) incisors 2 above oe
2 below ; fore legs very short, hind legs very long
having collar bones.

Arcromys, (rat-bear,) incisors.2 in each jaw,
strong, sharp, wedge-form 3 grinders in upper jaw

58 CLASS T. ORDER V.

5 on each side; in lower jaw 4: having collar
bones. |

Sciurus, (squirrel,) incisors in upper jaw
wedge-form, in lower jaw sharp; grinders 5 on
each side in upper Jaw, 4 in lower jaw; having
collar bones ; tail spreading towards each side in
most species. :

Hysrrix, (porcupine,) incisors 2, both in up-
per and under jaw, obliquely cut; grinders 8;
body covered with spines intermixed with hair ;
4 toes to each fore foot, 5 to each hind foot. —

Lervs, (hare, rabbit,) incisors 2 above and 2
below, the upper pair duplicate; two small in-
terlor ones standing behind the exterior.

Cavia, (guinea-pig, india-pig,) incisors 2,
wedge-form; grinders 8; toes 4 or 5 to each fore
foot, to each hind foot 3 to 53 tail none or very
short ; collar bones, nene.

ORDER 5. EDENTATA.

Having no incisors, and having hoof-like nails.

Braviews, (sloth,) cutting teeth none in either
jaws; canine teeth obtuse, single, longer than the
grinders placed opposite; grinders 5 on each side, .
obtuse ; fore legs mach longer than the hind ones ;
claws very long.

Mercarueniom, (extinct genus,) teeth ilat-top-
ped; forelegs equal in length to both head and
neck ; claws long. Intermediate in character be-
tween Bradypus and Dasypus.

Dasyrvs, (armadillo,) grinders several, without
either the cutting or canine teeth 5; body coated
with a shelly armour, divided into zones.

Myrmecopuaca, (ant-eater,) teeth none; tongue
cylindric, extensile ; mouth lengthened into some-
what tubular form ; body covered with hair,

CLASS I. ORDER Vie 5§

Manis, (scaly hizard, pangolin,) teeth none:
tongue cylindric and extensile ; mouth narrowed
into a snout; body covered with scales.

Puatrypus, (duck-mouth,) mouth shaped like
the bill of a duck ; feet webbed.

ORDER 6. PACHYDERMA.
Having hoofs and no clavicle ; skin very thick.

Everuas, (clephant,) cutting teeth none in ei-
iher jaw ; tusks in the upper jaw; grinders com-
posed of vertical plates of a bony substance ; pro-
bocis very long, prehensile 5 body nearly naked.

Mastopon, (extinct animal,) grinders have a
bristly crown, or a sort of gum, with thick conic
points. Other tecth mostly like those of the ele-
phant.

HyproporTamus, (river horse, ) incisors 4 in each

jaw, above distant in pairs, below prominent and
the two middle ones longest; canines solitary ;
below extremely large, long, curved, and oblique-
jy truncated ; feet armed at the margin with each
A hoofs.
Sus, (swine,) incisors above 4, converging ; be-
_ low 6, projecting ; canines below 2, long exsert :
above 2, shorter ; snout truncated, preminent,
moveable ; feet cleven.

ANOPLOTHERIUM, (extinct animal,) incisors 6 in
each jaw ; four canine teeth resembling the incis-
ors: twenty-eight grinders forming a. continued
series, like those of the human teeth, Feet ter-
minate in cloven hoofs. ‘This animal must have
borne considerable resemblance to animals of the
order Ruminantes.

“Ruryoceros, (rhinoceros,) one or two horns,
solid, perennial, conical, seated on the nose, and

60 CLASS I. ORDER VII.

srowing from the skin; feet terminate in three
toes.

Hyrax, (cape-badger, lamb of Taikel) 4 incisors
above two, broad, somewhat distant ; below 4,
broad, flat, doubly notched ; grinders large, 4 on
each side of each jaw ; 4 toes to each fore foot, 8
to each hind foot ; nih none ; collar bones none.

PaLnorHenivm, (extinct animal) incisors six,
and canine teeth two in each jaw; feet terminate
in three toes ; trunk, or proboscis, must have been
short and fleshy.

Tarir, (tapir,) incisors 10 above and below?
canines single, and incurvated ; grinders 5 on each
side, very broad ; 3 hoofs to each foot, with a false
one on the fore foot.

Eauus, (horse, zebra,) incisors above 6, paral-
jel, below 6, somewhat projecting ; canines 1 on
each side above and below, remote from the rest :
hoofs undivided.

ORDER VII. RUMINANTES.

Incisors below only ; feet with cloven hoofs ;
animals chew the cud.

Came us, (camel, dromedary,) horus none: in-—
cisors below 6, somewhat thin and broad ; ca-
nines 3 above, 2 below, distant; upper lip di-
vided.

Moscuus, (musk,) horns none ; incisors below
8; tusks in the upper jaw exsert, solitary.

Cervus, (deer, stag, elk, moose,) horns solid,
(covered while young with a hairy skin growing
from the top) naked, annual, branched ; incisors
below 8; canines none (sometimes a single one)
in the upper jaw.

CLASS I. ORDER VIII. §i

@AMELOPARDALIS, (giraffe,) horns permanent,
bony, covered with bristly skin ; incisors below
8; the exterior one on each side deeply bilobate.

ANTELOPE, (antelope,) horns hollow, seated on
a bony core, growing upwards, annulated or
wreathed, permanent ; incisors below 8, canines
none. 3

Capra, (goat, ibex,) horns hollow, turning up-
wards and backwards, compressed, rough, al-
most closed at their base ; incisors below 8, ca-
nines none ; chin bearded in the male.

Ovis, {sheep,) horns hollow, wrinkled turning
backwards and spirally intorted ; incisors 8, be-
low ; canines none.

Bos, (ox, bison, buffalo,) horns concave, turned.
outwards, lunated, smooth; incisors 8, below:
canines none. 3

ORDER Vili. CETE.

Aquatic animals, without hind feet ; fore feet
degenerated into fin-like limbs.

Devruines, (dolphin, porpoise,) teeth in both
jaws ; spiracle on the head. | :

Monopon, (narwhal,) tooth projecting from the
upper jaw, very long, strait, spiral ; spiracle on
the head.

PuyseTer, (cachelot,) teeth visible in the lower
jaw only ; spiracle on the head or snout.

BaLaena, («hale,) horny lamine in the upper
jaw in place of teeth ; spiracle with a double ex-
ternal orifice on the top of the head.

fig 88.)

CLASS II. AVES.

Remarks. Animals of this class do not have
their lungs divided into lobes—the whole being in
a single mass. Neither are their lungs ventilated
by their own contractions and dilatations. Air is
made to pass through them by the action of other
organs. It is admitted to the blood by an infinite
number of vessels from the axils of the wings and
various other parts of the body.

Their forms are adapted to their peculiar cir-
cumstances ; they being the only animals of this
grand division which travel in the atmosphere.
The muscles of the breast are very large and
strong, giving great force to their wings. Their
covering of feathers, being non-conductors of elec-
tric fluid, secures them in some measure against
its frequent discharges in the form of lightning in
the upper regions ; and more especially when sit-
ting upon their nests, on high trees. |

Their rapid passage through different regions
of the air, and its perpetual action upon them, af-
ford them the means of progunosticating the varia- _
tions of the atmosphere by a method totally un-
known to us.

| Tue cLuass AVES Is DIVIDED INTO SIX ORDERS.
ORDER I. ACCIPITRES.

Having strong hooked beaks and claws ; toes
4; the thumb toe, and inner one of the other three,
are larger. Birds of prey.

Vuxrour, (vulture,) bill straight, hooked at the
tip, and covered at the base by a cere or skin ;

CLASS II. ORDER II. 63

head, in most species, bare of feathers, and cover-
ed in front by a naked skin; tongue fleshy and
generally bifid ; neck retractile ; feet strong with
moderately crooked claws.

Fatco, (hawk, buzzard, kite, eagle,) beak
hooked, furnished at the base with a cere; head
well covered with feathers ; tongue, in met pS
cies, bifid.

SERPENTARIUS, (snake-eater,) beak vulturine :
tongue pointed : legs very long.

STR1x, (owl,) bill hooked, ‘without cere ; ; nos-
trils oblong, covered with recumbent setaceous
feathers ; head, eyes, and ears, large; tongue
bifid ; exterior toe moveable backward and for-
ward.

ORDER II. PASSERES.

Including all birds, which are not swimmers,
waders, runners, climbers, birds of prey, or of the
gallinaceous kind. They are all of the sparrow-
hike family.

Section A. Bills indented.

Lanuus, (shrike, butcher-bird,) bill straightish,
with a tooth or small process on each side near
the tip; tongue Jagged ; outside toe connected to
the middle one, as far as the first joint.

Tanacra, (tanager,) bill conic, pointed, notch-
ed, almost triangular at the base, a little inclining
at the tip.

Muscicaea, (fiy-catcher, cat-bird,) bill nearly
triangular, notched each side, bent in at the tip,
and beset with bristles at the root ; toes (mostly)
divided to their origin.

AmpPE is, (chatterer,) bill straight, convex 5;
each mandible notched ; nostrils covered with

of CLASS II. ORDER If.

bristles ; tongue sharp, cartilagenous, bifid ; mid-
dle toe connected at the base to the outermost.

‘Turnus, (thrush,) bill straitish, the upper man-
dible a little bending and notched near the point ;
nostrils naked, or half covered with a small mem-
brane; mouth ciliate with a few bristles at the
corners ; tongue jagged. |

Oreo.us, (oriole, fire-bird, red-robin,) bill co-
nical, convex, very sharp-peinted, strait ; upper
mandible a trifle longer than ‘the lower one, and
obscurely emarginated ; tongue bifid, sharp ; feet
formed for walking.

GracuLa, (grakle, black-bird,) bill convex,
thick, somewhat compressed on the sides, coulter-
form ; nostrils small, near the base of the bill, of-
ten near the edge ; tongue entire, rather sharp-
pointed, fleshy ; feet formed for walking; middle
toe connected te the cutmost tee at the base.

Pipra, (manakin,) bill shorter than the head,
strong, hard, neariy triangular at the base, and
slightly incurved at the tip; nostrils naked; feet
sressoral ; tail short.

Moracitua, (wren, warbler, sparrow, robbin,)
bill subulate, strait; mandibles nearly equal :
nosirils obovate ; tongue lacerate at the end.

Section B. Fills deeply separated, short, flat
hooked, without notches.

Hirvunvo. (swallow, martin,) bill small, weak,
curved, subulate, depressed at the base; gape
larger than the head ; tongue short, broad, cleft ;
wings long; tail mostly forked.

Caprimuceus, (geat-sucker, night-hawk, whip-
poor-will,) bill slightly curved, very small, subu-
tate, and depressed at the base ; mouth extremely

CLASS IIe ORDER Iv. 65

wide and furnished at the sides with a series of
bristles ; ears very large ; tongue pointed, entire ;:
tail not forked, feathers 10; legs short; middle
claw with a broad serrate edge.

Section ©. Bills strong, conic, without notches.

Avauna, (lark,) bill cylindrical, subulate, strait;
the mandibles equal and a little gaping at the base ;
tongue bifid ; hind-claw strait, longer than the toe.

Parus, (titmouse,) bill very entire, narrow,
subcompressed, strong, hard, pointed, and cover-
ed at the base with bristles ; tongue truncate,
bristly at the end ; toes divided to the origin, the
hind one large and strong.

Emperiza, (bunting, ) bill conic ; ; mandibles re-
ceding from each other from the base downwards,.
the lower with the sides narrowed i in; the upper
with a hard knob within.

Frincitua, (finch, sparrow, linnet,) bill conic,
strait, pointed.

Puyroroma, (squaller,) bill conic, strait, se-
rate ; nostrils oval; tongue short, obtuse ; feet
four-toed.

_ Loxta, (grosbeak, goldfinch, crossbill,) bill
streng, thick, convex, rounded at the base ; low-

er mandible bent in at the edge; nostrils small,

round at the base of the bill; tongue truncate.

Coius, (coby,) bill short, thick, convex aboves.
flat beneath; upper mandible bent down at the
tip ; nostrils small at the base of the bill and near-
ly covered with feathers 5; tongue jagged at the:
tip ; tail long, wedge-form.

Guaucoris, (wattle-bird,) bill incurvated, arch-
ed, the lower mandible wattled beneath ‘at the:
base 3 - nostrils depressed, half covered by a sub-

*6

66 CLASS It. ORDER If.

carlilagenous membrane : tongue semi-cartilage-
nous, notched and ciliated at the tip ; feet formed
for walking ; three toes before and one behind.

Burnaea, (beef-eater,) bill strait quadrangular ;
mandibles gibbose, entire, more gibbose on the
outside ; legs formed for walking.

Strurnus, (starling,) bill subulate,. angular, de-
pressed, bluntish ; the upper mandible entire,
somewhat open at the edges ; nostrils surrounded
with a prominent rim; tongue notched, pointed.

Sirra, (nut-cracker, nut-hatch,) bill straight,
wedged at the top, subulate, roundish, entire ; up-
per mandible a little longer, compressed and an-
gular at the tip ; tongue jagged, short, horny af
fip 3 ; nostrils small, ‘covered. with bristles ; 5 feet
formed for walking, hind toe long.

Corvus, Coram, taven, jay, magpie, jackdaw,)
bill convex, strong, coulter-form, and (in most spe-
cies) toothed or moiched near the tip; nostrils
covered by recumbent bristly feathers; tongue
cartilaginous, bifid ; feet formed for walking.

Coracias, (roller,) bill nearly straight, bending
alittle towards the end, cultrated at the edges ; nos-
trils narrow, naked ; tongue cartilaginous, bifid :
legs generally short; toes divided to their origin,
three forward and one backward.

Panavise, (paradise bird,) bill covered at the
base by velvet-like plumes; side-feathers beneath
the wings (in most species} extending far beyond
the rest of the plumage ; legs strong; feet formed
for walking.

CLASS 11. ORDER It. 67

Section D. Bills slender, long, more or less arch-
ed and witheut notches.

Urpvupa, (hoopoe, messenger-bird,) bill arched,
long, slender, convex, a littte compressed, some-
what obtuse; nostrils at the base of the bill, small;
tongue obtuse, entire, triangular, very short ; feet
formed for walking.

Cerruta, (creeper,) bill arched, slender, some-
what triangular, pointed; tongue various, gener-
ally pointed ; feet formed for walking.

Trocuivus, (humming-bird,) bill subulate fili-
form, tubular at the tip, longer than the head; upper
mandible sheating the lower ; tongue filiform, the
two threads coalescing, tubular ; feet formed for
walking.

Section E. Equal toes, or the outer toe about as
long as the middle one.

Menrops, (bee-eater,) bill curved, quadrangular,
compressed, carinate, pointed ; nostrils small at
_ the base of the bill ; tongue slender, tip (general-
ly) jagged ; feet gressoral.

Momorvs, (motmot,) bill strong, slightly curv-
ed, serrate at the edges ; nostrils feathered ; tongue
feathered ; tail wedged ; feet gressoral.

Aucepo, (king-fisher,) bill triangular, thick,
strait, long, peinted 5 tongue fleshy, very short,
flat, pointed ; feet (ia most) gressoral.

Topus, (tody,) bill subulate, depressed, obtuse,
straight, covered at the base with bristles ; nos-
. trils oval, small; feet gresseral.

Buceros, (hornbill,) bill convex, curved, sharp-
edged, large, serrate outwardly, with a horny pro-
tuberance on the upper mandible near the base 3.

68 CLASS Ile ORDER III.

nostrils behind the base of the bill ; tongue shori,.
sharp-pointed ; feet gressoral.

ORDER 3. SCANSORES.

Having the outer toe and thumb-toe directed
backwards, for climbing the trunks of trees.

GaLBu_a, (golden thrush,) bill straight, very
jong, quadrangular, pointed ; nostrils oval, at the
base of the bill; tongue short, sharp-pointed :
thighs downy on the fore part; feet climbers.

Picus, (wood-pecker,) bill angular, straight.
wedge-form at the tip 3 nostrils covered with re-
cumbent setaceous feathers ; tongue round, worm-
form, very long, bony, missile, daggered, beset ai
the point with bristles bent back ; tail feathers
ten, hard, rigid, pointed ; feet climbers.

Yunx, (wry-neck,) bill smoothish, pointed, a
little incurved, weak ; nostrils concave, naked ;
tongue very lung, smooth, worm-form, armed at
the point ; tail feathers 10, flexible ; feet climbers.

Cucu us, (cuckoo,) bill smooth, a little curved :
nostrils surrounded by a small rim 3 tongue ar-
rowed, short, pointed ; feet formed for climbing.

Scyrurops, (channel bird,) bill large, convex,
sharp-edged, channelled at the sides, hooked at
the point ; nostrils naked, rounded at the base of
the bill; tongue cartilagenous, split at the point ;
feet climbers. :

Bucco, (barbet,) bill sharp-edged, laterally
compressed, notched each: side near the tip, bent .
inwards and a long split beneath the eyes; nos-
trils covered with incumbent feathers ; feet form-
ed for climbing. |

GLASS II. ORDER IV. 69

'Trocon, (curuke,) bill shorter than the head,
sharp edged, hooked, the mandibles serrate at the
edge ; feet formed for climbing.

Crotoruaea, (giant blackbird,) bill compress-
ed, semioval, arched, carinate on the back ; up-
per mandibles angular at each edge; nostrils pere
vious. |

Ruampuasrtos, (toucan,) bill enormous, empty,
convex, serrate at the edges; each mandible in-
curvate at the tip; behind the base of the bill,
long, narrow ; tongue feathered at the edges ; feet
mostly climbers. |

Psirracus, (parrot,) bill hooked, upper mandi-
ble moveable, (mostly) covered with a cere ; nos-
trils rounded, placed in the base of the bill; tongue
fleshy, obtuse, entire ; feet formed for climbing.

ORDER 4. GALLINACES.

Having the forward tees united partially at the.
base, and jagged along their edges. Hen-like
birds. |

Pavo, (peacock,) bill convex, robust; head
covered with revolute feathers; nostrils large ;
feathers of the rump long, broad, expansile and
covered with eye-form spots.

Meveaeris, (turkey,) bill conic, incurvate ;
head covered with spongy caruncles ; chin with a
longitudinal membranous caruncle ; tail broad,
expansile ; legs spurred.

Crax, (carassow, peruvian hen,) bill strong,
thick, the base of each mandible covered with a
cere; nostrils in the middle of the cere; feathers
covering the head, revolute ; tail large, straight,
expansile, :

70 CLASS II. ORDER V.

PENELOPE, (jacu-tarkey,) bill naked at the base ;
head covered with feathers; chin naked; tail
with 12 feathers ; legs without spurs.

Puasianus, (hen, pheasant,) bill short, strong ;
cheeks covered with a smooth naked skin; legs
generally with spurs. 3 |

Numip1a, (guinea-hen,) bill strong, short; the
base covered with a carunculate cere receiving the
nostrils ; head horned, with a compressed, colour-
ed callus ; tail short, bending down; body speck-
led.

Terrao, (partridge, quail, grous,) near the eyes
aspot which is either naked, papillose or (very
rarely) covered with feathers. :

Co_umsa, (pigeon, dove, turtle-dove,) bill
straight, descending towards the tip ; nostrils eb-
tong, half covered with a soft timid membrane.

ORDER 5. GRALLATORES.

Having the two outer toes partially united.
Long-legged walking birds.

Section A. Short-rwinged.

STRUTHIO, (ostrich, cassowary,) bill subconic ;
nostrils eval ; wings short, unfit for flight; feet
formed for running.

Dinus, (dodo,) bill narrowed in the middle,
with two transverse wrinkles; each mandible
bent in at the tip ; nostrils oblique, near the edge
of the middle of the bill; face naked beyond the
eyes; legs short; feet cleft; wings unfit for
flight; tail none.

CLASS II. ORDER Y. ii

Section B. Compressed bill.

Oris, (bustard,) bill subconvex ; nostrils oval,
pervious ; tongue bifid, pointed ; feet formed for
running, three ioed, tall, naked above the thighs.

CuHararprivs, (plover, snipe,) bill roundish,
obtuse, straight; nostrils linear; fect formed for
running ; three toed.

TrinGa, (sand-piper,) bill roundish, as long as
the head; nostrils small, linear ; tongue slender;
feet four-toed ; the hind toe of one joint, and rais-
ed from the ground.

Harmaropus, (oyster catcher,) bill compressed,
the tip an equal wedge; nostrils linear ; tongue
a third part as long as the bill; feet formed for
running ; three toed, cleft.

Section C. Coulter-bill.

Psopuia, (trumpeter,) bill cylindrical, conic,
convex, somewhat pointed ; upper mandible lon-
ger; nostrils.oval, pervious ; tongue cartilaginous,
flat, fringed at the tip ; feet four-toed, cleft.

Cancroma, (boat-bill,) bill gibbose, shaped like
an inverted boat ; nostrils small, placed in a fur-
‘vow; tongue small; tees divided.

ArpEA, (heron, crane, stork, bittern,) bill
straight, pointed, long, subcompressed, with a far-
rew from the nostrils towards the tip ; nostrils li-
near; tongue sharp; feet four-toed, cleft, toes
connected at the base.

Mycrenia, (Gabiru,) bill a little bending up-
wards, sharp-pointed ; upper mandible triangular;
front bald ; nostrils linear ; tongue small or none ;
feet four-toed, cleft.

Scopus, (umbre,) bill long, thick, compressed,

72 CLASS II. ORDER V.

a little hooked ; nostrils linear, oblique ; feet four-
toed, cleft.

er kus. (ibis,) bill long, subulate, roundish,
subarched ; face naked; tongue short, broad ;
jugular pouch naked ; nostrils ov al ; feet four- toed,
pulminate at the base.

PLATALEA, (spoon-bill,) bill long, thin, the tip
dilated, orbicular, flat ; nostrils RAE Te at the base
of the bill ; tongue short, pointed ; fort-four toed,
semi-palmate.

Cornrira, (racer,) bill short, straight, without
teeth ; thighs longer than the body ; feet four-
toed, palmate, the hind toe not connected.

Section D. Long-bill.

ScoLopax, (snipe, woodcock, curlew,) bili
roundish, obtuse, longer than the head ; nostrils
linear ; face covered ; feet four-toed, hind toe
consisting of many joints.

Recurvirostra, (yelper, scooper, avoucet,) bill
depresscd, subulate, recurved, pointed, flexible at
the tip ; feet palmate, four-toed, the hind toe not
connected, very short and placed high up ; nos-
irils narrow, pervious ; tongue anh

Section EK. Long-tced.

Parra, (Gacana,) bill tapering, somewhat ob-
iuse ; nostrils oval, in the middle of the bill; front
covered with lobate caruncles ; wings spinose.

‘Vaeinatis, (sheath-bill,) pill strong, thick, co-
nic-convex, upper mandible covered above with a
moveable horny sheath ; nostrils small, before the
sheath ; face naked, papillose ; ; legs steané g, four-
toed, naked above the knees ; ; claws grooved.

CLASS IY. ORDER VI. Pass

PALAMEDEA, (screamer,) bill conic ; upper man-
dible hooked ; nostrils oval ; feet fonr-teed, cleft,
a very small membrane connecting the toes at the
root.

Ratuus, (rail, crake, water-hen,) bill thickish
at the base, attenuated on the back towards the
tip, compressed, a little incurved, pointed ; tongue
rough at the tip; bedy compressed ; tail short;
feet four-toed, cleft.

Fuuica, (coot, rain-hen, gallinule.) bill convex,
upper mandible arched over the lower at the edge,
lower gibbose near the tip; nostrils oblong ;
front bald ; feet four-toed, subpinnate.

GLAREOLA, (sea-swallew,) bill strong, short,
strait, hooked at the tip; nostrils at the base of
the bill, linear, oblique; gape of the mouth large ;
feet four-teed ; toes long, slender, connected at the
hase by a membrane ; tail forked, consisting of 12
feathers.

PuoEntcorrerus, (iiamingo,) bill naked, tooth-
ed, bentas if broken ; nostrils linear ; feet four-
toed, palmate, the membranes semicircular on the
fore part ; hind toe not connected.

ORDER 6. ANSERES.

Having palmate feet, with toes connected by
membranes in most cases ; formed for swimming.

Section A. Divers, with feet far back ; requiring
a position nearly erect for balancing the body.

Co.iymeus, (diver, loon, grebe,) bill toothless,
subulate, straight, pointed ; throat toothed ; nostrils
linear at the base of the bill; legs fettered,

7

14 CLASS II. ORDER VI.

Auca, (awk,) bill toothless, short, compressed,
convex, often transversely furrowed ; lower mandi-
bles gibbose near the base ; nostrils linear ; legs
mostly three-toed. |

Aprenopyta, (penguin,) bill straight, a little
compressed and sharp-edged, upper mandible lon-
gitudinally, obliquely grooved, the lower truncate
at the tip ; tongue with reflected prickles ; wings
fin-form, without quill-feathers ; feet fettered,
four-toed.

Section B. Long-winged flying sea birds.

Procevvaria, (petrel,) bill toothless, a little
compressed, hooked at the point; mandibles equal ;
nostrils cylindrical, tubular, truncate, lying on the
base of the bill ; feet palmate ; the back toe point-
ing downwards, sessile, sharp, a mere spur.

Diomepea, (albatross, man-o-war bird,) bill
straight, upper mandible hooked at the point, low-
er truncate ; nostrils oval, wide, prominent, late-
ral; tongue very small; feet four-toed, all placed
forward.

Larus, (gull, sea-mew,) bill straight, sharp-
edged, a little hooked at the tip, and without teeth;
lower mandible gibbose below the point ; nostrils
linear, broader on the fore part, and placed in the
middle of the bill. nes

Srerna, (tern, noddy,) bill subulate, straightish,
pointed, a little compressed, without teeth ; nos-
trils linear; tongue pointed ; wings very long ;
tail mostly forked.

Ruyncuors, (skimmer,) bill straight ; the up-

er mandibles much shorter; the lower truncate
at the tip.

~i

on

CLASS II. ORDER VI.

Section C. Feet wholly palmated.

Pe.icanus, (pelican, cormorant, shag, booby, )
dill straight, hooked at the point and furnished
with a nail; nostrils an obliterated slit ; face na-
kedish ; legs equally balancing the body ; ; all the
four toes palmate.

Prortus,(darter,) bill straight, pointed, toothed ;
nostrils with a slit near the base; face and chin
naked ; legs short; all the toes connected.

PH#ToN, (tropic bird,) bill sharp-edged,
straight, pointed, the gape of the mouth reaching:
heyond ; nostrils oblong; hind tee turned for.
ward.

Anas, (goose, duck, swan, ical,) bill convex,
obtuse, the edges divided into lamellate teeth,
tongue fringed, obtuse ; three fore-toes connected,
hind one solitary.

Mercus, (merganser, goosander, nun,) bill
toothed, slender, cylindrical, hooked at the point ;
nostrils small, oval, in the middle of the bill : feet
four-toed, outer toe longest.

Cee 16. « 9}

CLASS Hil. AMPHIBIA.

Remarks. ‘The blood of animals is rendered
warm and capable of exciting nervous action
by the process of respiration. Amphibicus ani-
mals have their circulatory system so arranged.
that but a part of the bleod passes into the lungs ;
consequently does not receive the benefit of free
vespiration. The necessary deficiency in the
warmth and in the exciting power ef the blood.
predisposes them toa torpid state. And though
some of them move with rapidity at times ; they
are generally torpid, their digestion slow, their
senses dull, and some of them pass the winter in
a lethargic state. Even if the head is separated
from the body, life is still manifested by muscular
action fora long time. Their pulmonary vessels
are so small, and respiration so slow, that they
may remain long under water without producing
any change in the circulation of the blood.

ORDER 1. CHELONTA.

Having a covering consisting of a sheli on the
back and on the breast, and waliing or swimming
with four feet. Heart with two auricles.

Testuno, (tortoise,) body defended by a bony
covering, or coated by a horny, scaly or coriaceous
integument ; mouth with a sort of serrate mandi-
bles, and not proper teeth ; the upper mandible
closing over the lower.

CLASS III. ORDERS It & Ill. V7

ORDER 2. SAURIA.

Having a covering of scales, and walking on
two or four feet. Heart with two auricles. 7

Lacerta, (lizard, crocodile, chamelion,) body
fouc-footed, elengated, tailed ; without any secon-
dary integument.

Draco, (dragon,) body four-footed, tailed, and
furnished on each side with an expansile, radiate,
wing-like skin.

ORDER 3. OPHIDIA.
Having no feet. Heart with two auricles.

Aneuis, (slow-worm,) scales both on the abdo-
men, and beneath the tail,
AMPHISBAENA, (itch-worm,) body cylindric,
equal; annular divisions both on body and tail.
_ Boa, (giant snake,) scuta, or undivided plates,
both on the abdomen, and beneath the tail. ,
Co.user, (viper»asp, ring-snake, green-snake,
spotted-snake, striped-snake,) scuta, or undivided
lamellae under the abdomen ; broad alternate
scales, or divided lamina, under the tail.
_ Acrocnorpus, (warted-snake,) body and tail
completely covered with warts.
Hynprus, (water-snake,) body slender in front,
gradually thickening, scaled ; tail compressed.
Crouraus, (rattle-snake,) scuta on the abdo-
men; scuta and squamez beneath the tail ; rattle
terminating the tail.
Laneaya, (moccasin-snake,) abdominal plates ;
caudal rings ; terminal scales.
Carciiia, (eel-snake,) body cylindric, equal ;
wrinkles on the sides both of the body and tail.
*T

te GLASS lil, ORDER IV..

ORDER 4. BATRACHIA.

Having no covering of shells or scales, and jur-
nished with two or four feet. Heart with one au-
ricle.

Rana, (frog,) body four-footed, tail-less, naked;
or with no integument but the skin.

SALAMANDRA,* (salamander, rain-newt, ) body
elongated, four-footed, tail long ; head fiat, ears
concealed under the skin; 4 toes before, 5 behind.

Proteus, (mud-dragon,) body elongated, four-
footed ; tail compressed vertically ; legs short, |
three toes on the fore feet and two toes on the hind
feet.

Siren, (siren,) body elongated, two-footed be-
fore, no feet behind ; feet with five toes. —

* These three last genera have the general form of lizards; but they
haye single auricles and naked bodies, or nearly naked. .

One
~~}
©

Sw

CLASS IV. PISCES.

Remarks. In this class the process answering
to respiration is performed by presenting the blood
to the air contained in water by means of the gills.
In effect the gills are as lungs exposed inside out.
Fish cannot live in water, from which air has been
expelled by boiling, until it has been exposed a
considerable time tu the atmosphere, or been agi-
tated init. ‘They take water into the mouth and
compress it upon the gills by the gill-covers ;
whereby they bring the air contained in it into
close contact with the gills.

Most species of fish have an air-vessel which
they can compress and dilate at. pleasure; by
which operation they ascend and descend in water
without much exertion. Vhey move in water by
their fins, w hich they use like oars, or wings.
"Those fins\gghich answer to fore feet are called
pectoral fint-to bind feet, caudal fins—those on
ihe back, dorsal fins—those near the vent, anal’
fins—those of the abdomen, ventral fins. The ribs
‘in the fins.and gills are called rays. These rays
_ are thorny, soft, articulated, or branched.

Some fish are migratory like birds ; as the shad.
They move in vast numbers from the ocean into
fresh water rivers in the spring season, and depos-
ite their eggs. Some reside permanently in fresh
water, some in salt water, and others seem to live
in either indifferently. Those which pass into.
fresh water rivers in the spring season, encrease
in number in proportion to the extent‘of agricul-
tural improvement in the countries through which
the rivers run. The shad of the Hudson have en-

80 CLASS IVe ORDER TI.

creased probably from five to ten fold within the
last century. Probably the encrease of animal
substances, along the river and its tributary
branches, which are perpetually washed into it,
furnishes an immense addition to the stock of
food suited to their natures.

Most fish feed on both animal and vegetable
substances. Some species will live many years
in a vessel of mere water. Whether they possess
the power of decomposing water and forming new
compounds fit for food, or whether the water ab-
sorbs organized matter from the atmosphere suf-
ficient to support them, or on what other principle
their lives are prolonged in this situation, is not
determined. But the same difficulties present
themselves in regard to the leach and numerous
other avertebral animals ; excepting that the lat-
ter have a less complicated organization.

tral fins none.

AwneuILua, (eel,) head smooth ; nestrils tubu-
lar ; eyes covered by the common skin; gill-mem-
branes 10-rayed; body roundish, smooth, mu-
cous; dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united 5 spi-
_racles (breathing holes) behind the head or pecto-
Fal fins. °°"

Muraena, (eel, serpent-eel,) body eel-form ;
pectoral fins none ; spiracle on each side of the

neck.

* I prefer the orders of Linneus in this class, for reasons given in the
preface. Cuvier says the orders of fish are more difficult to define than
the orders of any other class of animals.

CLASS IV. ORDER. Si

SYNBRANCHUS, (surinam-eel,) body eel-form ;
pectoral fins none; spiracle single, beneath the
neck.

SPHAGEBRANCHUS, body eel-form ; pectoral fins
none ; spiracles two, beneath the neck.

Monoptrervus, body eel-form ; nosirils placed
between the eyes ; fin caudal.

Gymwotus, (electrical-eel,) head with lateral
opercula ; tentacula two on the upper lip 3; eyes
covered by the common skin; gill-membrane 5-
rayed ; body compressed and carinated by a fin
beneath. In most species no dorsal fin.

Oruipium, (eel-fish,) head somewhat. naked,
teeth in the jaws and palate and throat ; branchi-
ostegous membrane 7-rayed, patulous; body en-
siform.

Ovontoenatuus, mouth furnished with a strong
moveable lamina or process on each side of the
upper jaw; gill-membrane 5-rayed.

ComeEruorus, head large, with depressed snout:
mouth large, with small teeth ; body elongated,
compressed ; the second dorsal fin furnished with
several long naked rays.

Triurvs, (tripple-tail,) snout cylindric ; tooth
~ single in each jaw ; fin, dorsal and anal, extend-
ed beyond the tail.

AmmopytTes, (launce,) head compressed, nar-
rower than the body ; upper lip doubled ; lower
jaw narrow, pointed ; teeth small and sharp ; gill-
membrane 7-rayed ; body long, roundish, with
very small scales ; tail distinct.

LerrocerHA.us, (morris,) head small, narrow :
body very thin, compressed ; pectoral fins none.

StTyLepuorvs, (thread-tail,) eyes pedunculated,
standing ona short thick cylinder ; snout length-

$2 CLASS IV. ORDER Ii.

ened, directed upwards, retractile towards the
head by means of a membrane; mouth without
teeth ? branchiz three pair beneath the throat :
fins, pectoral small, dorsal the length of the back,
caudal short with spiny rays ; body very long,
compressed.

Tricuivurvs, (needle-tail,) head stretched for-
ward, with lateral gill-covers; teeth ensiform and
semisagittate at the tips ; gill-membrane 7-rayed ;
body ensiform, compressed, with subulate, finless
tail.

Awnarcuicuas, (wolf-fish,) head rather obtuse ;
fore-teeth, both above and below, conical, diverg-
ent, strong, 6 or more in number ; erinders i in the
lower j jaw and palate rounded ; gill-membrane 6-
rayed ; body roundish ; tail-fin distinct.

Xipaias, (sword- -fish,) head with the upper
yaw terminating in a sword-form snout ; mouth
without teeth ; gill-membrane 8-rayed ; body
roundish, without scales.

SrromatTeus, (stromat,) head compressed ;:
teeth both in jaws and palate; body rhombic-
ovate, compressed, lubriceus.

STERNOPTRIX, (amber-fish, ) head obtuse ; mouth.
abrupt ; teeth very minute; gill-membrane none ;
body compressed, without visible scales ; breast
carinate, folded both ways; abdomen pellucid. —

ORDER 2. JUGULARES.

Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral fins
hefore the pectoral.

_ Caxuionymus, (dragonet,) eyes vertical, ap-
proximated ; gill-covers shut, with a small aper-
ture on each side the neck ; ; gill- -membrane 6-ray:
ed; body uaked ; ventral fins very remote..

CLASS IV. ORDER IIt. 83

Urawnoscopvs, (star-gazer,) head large, depres-
sed, rough ; mouth furnished with an internal cir-
rus 5 gill- covers edged by a ciliated coe der; gill-
membrane 5-rayed.

TrACHINUS,(weever, prickle- wack) head slight -
ly roughened, compressed ; gill-membrane 6-ray-
ed ; gill- covers serrated on the edge ; body com-
pressed ; vent situated near the brdast

Ganpus, (cod-fish, haddock,) head smooth ; gill-
membrane 7-rayed ; body oblong, cov ered with
deciduous scales ; fins all covered by the common
skin ; dorsal and anal generally more than one;
the rays unarmed ; ventral fins slender, ending in
a point.

Buennivs, (blenny, ) head sloping; body length-
ened ; sub-compressed, lubricous ; eill- membrane
§-rayed ; ventral fins 2, 3 or 4-rayed, unarmed.

3 Konrrvs, body broad, carinated both above and
below ; with greatly elevated back : gill-mem-
brane 2-rayed.

ORDER 3. THORACIC.

Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fins
_ under the pectoral.

~ Cevoua, (band-fish,) head shares ; teeth curved,
sharp; body very long and compressed ; abdo-
men extremely short ; gill-membrane six-rayed.

GymMNneTrus, body extremely long, compressed ;
teeth numerous, subulate ; gill-membrane four or
five-rayed ; anal-fin wanting.

VanpbeEL.Livs, (vandal,) body extremely long,
sword-form ; gill-membrane five or six-rayed ;
teeth subulate, those in front largest.

Ecuenets, (remora, sucking-fish,) head fur-

84 CLASS IV.» ORDER Iil.

nished above with a flat, ovate, transversely sul-
cated shield; gill-membrane six-rayed ; body
without scales.

Corypy#na, head sloping suddenly down-
wards ; gill-membrane five-rayed ; dorsal-fin the
length of the back.

Macrovurvus, (imminset,) head large; eyes
large ; body at the hind part attenuated into the
tail. |

Gorius, (goby,) head small; eyes approximat-
ed ; gill-membrane four-rayed ; ventral-fins unit-
ed into the form of a funnel.

Goxiomorus, habit as the Gobius ; with vent-
ral-fins distinct.

Corrus, (bullbead,) head broader than the bo-
dy, spiney; eyes vertecal and having a nictitating
membrane ; gill-membrane six-rayed. In most
species the body is without scales ; attenuated to-
wards the tail, and with two dorsal-fins.

Scorrzna, head large, aculeated, cirrose, ob-
iuse, without scales, sub-compressed ; eyes near
each other ; teeth in the Jaws, palate and throat ;
gill-membrane seven-rayed ; body fleshy ; dor-
sal-fin single, with the rays of the forepart spiny.

Zeus, (dory,) head compressed, sloping down;
upper lip arched by a transverse membrane ; tongue
subulate (in most species); body compressed,
broad, sub-rhomboid, thin, and of a bright colour ;
gill membrane with seven perpendicular rays, the
lowest transverse ; dorsal fin (in most species)
having projecting filiform rays.

Pievronectsés, (floander, holibut, sole,) eyes
both on the-same side of the head ; body compress-
ed, one side representing the back and the other
the abdomen.

CLASS IV. ORDER Ili. §5

Guxropon, (sheep-head, unicorn fish,) head
small ; mouth also small ; teeth close set, flexile,
setaceous ; gill-membrane 3, 4, 5 or 6-rayed 5 bo-
dy bread, compressed, generally banded ; dorsa!
and anal fin thick, fleshy and scaly at the base.

Acanruurus, teeth small, lobate (in mest spe-
cles) ; tail aculeate on each side ; habit and gen-
eral appearance as the Chetoden.

Eaquss, (knight-fish,) teeth in several rows;
hody banded.

Tricnopus, body compressed; ventral fins
with an extremely long filament.

Scarus, Jaws beny, divided in the middle,
crenated on the edge ; teeth connate and conglom-
erate.

Srarus, teeth strong; front teeth in a single
yOW, in some species, in 2, 3 or 4 rows in others ;
grinders (in most species) convex, smooth, dispos.
ed in ranges, so as to form a kind of. pavement ;
lips thick ; gill-covers unarmed, smooth, scaly.

Gompuosus, Jaws lengthened into a tubular
snout; teeth small; those in front larger.

Lazsrus, (old-wife,) teeth strong and suba-
cute ; grinders sometimes as in Sparus, convex
-and crowded ; lips thick and doubled ; rays of
the dorsal-fin, in some species, elongated into soft
processes ; gill-covers unarmed and scaly.

OpnHICErHALUS, head coated with dissimilar
scales ; body elongated.

Loncuvrus, head scaly ; ventral-fins separate ;
tail lanceolate. :

Screna, head scaly ; dorsal-fins two, seated in
a furrow, into which they may occasionally with-
draw ; gill-membrane six-rayed,

Perca, (perch, sed! ruffe,) teeth sharp ; gill

36 CLASS IV; ORDER Iv.

covers three-leaved, scaly, serrated ; dorsal-fin
spiny on the forepart ; scales (in most species)
hard and rough.

Ho.ocentrus, habit as Perca; gill-covers sca-
ly, serrated and aculeated ; scales hard and rough.

Bopianvs, (bedian,) habit as Perca; gill-cov-
ers scaly, not serrated, aculeated ; scales smooth.

Scomser, (mackrel,) body oblong, smooth,
sometimes carinated by the lateral line ; finlets
{in most species) above and below towards the
tail. :

GasTERosTEvs, (stickleback,) body somewhat
lengthened ; dorsal-spines distinct ; ventral fins
spiny ; abdomen carinated or shielded on the
sides, and bony beneath.

Mutuus, (surmullet,) head compressed, scaly :
mouth bearded ; gill-membrane three-rayed ; bo-
cy covered with large subdeciduous scales.

Tricia, (gurnard,) head large, mailed and
marked by rough lines ; gill-covers spiny ; gill-
membrane seven-rayed ; finger-form processes (in
most species) near the pectoral-fins.

Tracnicuruys, head rounded in front: eye
jarge ; mouth wide, toothless, descending ; gill-
membrane furnished with eight-rays of which the
four lowermost are rough on the edges ; scales
rough ; abdomen mailed with large carinated
scales.

ORDER 4. ABDOMINALES.
Gill-membranes with bony rays ; ventral-fins
hack of the pectoral.

Cositis, (loche,) mouth bearded (in most spe-
cies) ; eyes situated in the upper part of the head:
body nearly of equal thickness from head to tail ;

CLASS IV. ORDER IV. 87

scales small, deciduous ; air-bladder hard or bo-
ny.

AwnaBLeps, head subdepressed ; mouth termi-
nal; teeth small, on the jaws ; eyes protuberant,
with double pupils 5 gill-membrane six-rayed.

Amira, head bony, naked, rough, with visible
sutures ; teeth both in jaws and palate, close-set,
sharp, numerous ; cirri or beards two, near the
nostrils ; gill-membrane twelve-rayed ; body sca-

SiLurus, head large, depressed ; mouth wide,
bearded by long tentacula ; body lengthened, na-
ked ; first ray of the pectoral-fins, or of the first
dorsal-fin, toothed backwards.

Priatysracus, habit as Silurus;: mouth be-
neath, bearded with cirri; body scaleless, depress-
ed; tail long, compressed.

Loricania, habit as Silurus ; body mailed.

SALMo, (salmon, trout,) head smooth, compress-
ed ; tongue cartilaginous ; teeth both in the jaws
and on the tongue ; gill-membranc from four to ten-
rayed ; body compressed, furnished at the hind
part with an adipose fin.

AcantTuonotus, body elongated, without dor-
gal-fin ; spines sevoral on the back and abdomen.

Fistuvaria, (tobacco-pipe, trumpet-fish, ) snout
cylindric; mouth terminal; body lengthened :
zill-membrane seven-rayed.

Ksox, (sea-pike, gar-fish,) head somewhat flat-
tened above ; mouth wide; teeth sharp, in the
jaws, palate and tongue ; body lengthened ; dor-
sal and anal-fin (in most species) near the tail and
opposite to each other.

Poryrrervs, gill-membrane single-rayed ; dor-
sal-fins numerous.

SS GLASS IV. ORDER IY.

- EiLops, head smooth ; edges of the jaws and
palate rough, with teeth; gill-membrane with
thirty rays, and armed on the outside in the mid-
dle with five teeth.

ARGENTINA, teeth in the jaws and tongue; gill-
membrane with eight rays; vent near the tail ;
ventral fins many-rayed.

ATHERINA, head somewhat flattened over the
upper jaw; gill-membrane six-rayed ; body
marked by a silver lateral stripe.

Muei., (mullet,) ips membranaceous ; the in-
ferlor one carinated within ; teeth none ; at the
corners of the mouth an inflected callus; gill-
membrane with six curved rays; body fleshy :
scales large ; dorsal-fins two.

Exocerus, (flying-fish,) head scaly ; jaws con-
nected on each side; gill-membrane ten-rayed :
pectoral-fins very large, giving the power of fly-
ing.

2 aati head compressed, covered with
scales; snout very obtuse and prominent ; gill-
membrane five or seven-rayed ; separate filaments
or setaceous processes near the base of the pecte-
ral-fins. |

Cuiupra, (herring, shad, sprat,) side-plates of
the upper mandible serrated ; gill-membrane eight-
rayed ; gills internally setaceous; abdomen sharp,
and serrated generally.

Cyprinus, (carp, tench, bream,) mouth small
and toothless; teeth in the throat; gill-membrane
three-rayed ; ventral-fins, in general, nine-rayed.

Mormyrvus, snout produced ; mouth terminal ;
teeth several, emarginated ; aperture without gill-
cover; gill-membrane single-rayed ; body scaly.

CLASS IV. ORDER V. 89

ORDER 5. BRANCHIOSTEGUS.

Skeleton: cartilaginous, without ribs 3 gill-mem-
branes, with or without gill-covers.

Loputius, (angler,) head depressed ; teeth nu-
merous, sharp ; tongue armed with teeth ; =.
ral fins brachiated ; ; no gill covers.

CycLorrerus, (sucker, ) head obtuse ; teeth in
the jaws; tongue short and thick ; s body thick
without scales ; ventral fins united Se a circle.

Batisres, (file-fish,) teeth several in both jaws:
body compressei; abdomen carinated ; skin
tough, often reticulated by scale-like divisions ;
no gill-covers.

OstTracion, (trunk-fish,) teeth pointing for-
ward, cylindric, rather blunt ; hody mailed by a
bony covering.

Diovon, jaws bony, undivided; bedy beset
with moveable spines.

Crepuacus, (mullet, sun-fish,) jaws bony ; bo-
dy terminating abruptly, so that the whole fish
resenibles the head of a fish.

Terropon, (sun-fish, &c.) jaws bony, divided
- atthe tip ; body roughened beneath ; ventral fins
wanting. ©

SYGNATHUS, (pipe-fisb,) snout sub-cylindric,
with terminal mouth ; body lengthened, jointed,
mailed ; ventral fins none.

Cenrriscus, snout lengthened; body compress-
ed, carinated beneath ; ventral fas united.

Caner, (sea-monster,) head pointed on the
upper part, mouth placed beneath, with the upper
lip five-cleft ; no gill-covers ; two incisors in front
above and below.

*8

90 CLASS IV. . ORDER VF.

ORDER 6. CHONDROPTERYGIOUS.

Skeleton cartilaginous, without ribs ; gill-men-
hranes wanting, with er without gill-covers.

Perromyzon, (lamprey,) body eel-form ; mouth
beneath, with numerous teeth in circular rows ;
spiracles seven on each side the neck.

GasTrRoprancHus, (hag-fish,) body eel-form,
mouth beneath, with numercus pectinate teeth ;
spiracles two, beneath the abdomen.

Rasa, (ray,) mouth situated beneath the head,
transverse, beset with teeth ; spiracles beneath,
five en each side ef the neck ; body, in most spe-
cies, subrhomboidal.

Sauays, (shark,) mouth situated beneath the
anterior part of the head, with numerous teeth dis-
posed in rows ; spiracles on each side the neck
(in most species five,) of a semi-lunar shape ; body
oblong, somewhat cylindric. ,

SpaTuLaria, habit as Squalus, ; spiracles sin-
gle on each side the neck and concealed by a large
gill-cover ; snout produced, spatulate ; mouth be-
meath the head, large and furnished with sharp
serrate teeth. , 7

ACIPENCER, (sturgeon, sterlet,) having gill-
covers; snout bearded beneath ; mouth beneath
the head, ovate, toothless, retractile; body elon-
gated, mailed above by tubercles.

Preasus, having gill-covers; snout elonged
not bearded ; mouth beneath ; pectoral fins large ;
yentral fins single-rayed; body depressed, mail-
ed, with the abdomen divided into bony segments.

CPUS og? 5)

CLASS V. ANNELIDA.

Remarks. Animals of this class have hereio-
fore been distributed among various divisions of
the Linnean vermes ; but no naturalist was satis-
fied with such a distribution. These animals hay-
ing red blood, and soft Jointed bodies, they seem-
ed to be excluded from all places in the system.
The French naturalists have obviated this diffi-
culty by creating a new class ; and placing this
class under the grand division Articulata. Ag
these animals have no limbs for walking, it was
necessary to make the definition of this division
more general—referring to their jointed bodies,
without specifying articulated limbs. They are
all reproduced like plants with perfect flowers.

ORDER 1. TUBICOLA.

Semi-molluscous and encased in calcareous
tubes.

Serputa, (shell-worm,) animal a terebella;
shell univalve, tubular, generally adhering to oth-
_ er substances ; often separated internally by di-
visions at uncertain distances.

SaBELLA, (cased-worm,) animal a nereis, with
aringent mouth and 2 thicker tentacula behind
the head ; shell tubular, composed of particles of
sand, broken shells, and vegetable substances,
united toa membrane by a glutinous cement.

AMPHITRITE, body projecting from a tube and
annulate ; peduncles or feet small, numerous ;
feelers 2, approximate, feathered ; eyesnone, In
sea and wet sand,

§2 CLASS V. ORDERS IL & Ill.

Denraium, (tooth-shell,) animal a terebella ;
shell univalve, tubular, strait or slightly curved,
with an undivided cavity open at both ends.

ORDER 2. DORSIBRANCHIA.

Respiratory organs distributed along one side
af the body, which may be called the back.

Nereis, body long, creeping, with numerous
Jateral peduncles, or feet, each side ; feelers sim-
ple, rarely none ; eyes 2, or 4, rarely none. In
sea.

ApruropiTa, (aphrodite,) body creeping, ob-
long, covered with scales, and furnished with nu-
merous bristly fasciculate feet, each side ; mouth
terminal, cylindrical, retractile ; feelers 2, seta-
ceous, annulate ; eyes 4. In sea.

ORDER 38. ABRANCHIA.

Having no particular respiratory organs ; but
ihe office of respiration is performed along the
whole surface of the skin,

Lumericus, (angle-worm, earth-worm,) body
round, annulate. with (generally) an elevated
fleshy belt near the bead, mostly rough with mi-
nute concealed prickles placed longitudinally, and
furnished with a laieral aperture. In common
soil, wet soil, and wet rotten wood and manure.

Nats, (glass-woru,) body creeping, long, lin-
ear, pellucid, depressed ; peduncles or feet with
small bristles each side; tentacule or feelers,
hone ; eyes two or none. Ln stagnant waters,
rivers and wet sand.

CLASS V. ORDER III, 93

Hiruno, (leech, blood-sucker,) body oblong,
truncate at both ends, unarmed, cartilaginous ;
moves by dilating head and tail and contracting
itself into an arch. In water and damp places.

Gonrpius, (hair-worm, hair-snake,) body round,
filiform, equal, smooth. In water and damp pla-
ces,

(94 ’

CLASS VI. CRUSTACEA.

Remarks. These animals were placed in the
class Insecta by Lineas. There was no difficul-
ty in this arrangement, as the characters are deii-
nite and constant. The separation is generally
approbated. In truth there seems to be a wide
difference between a lobster and a butterfly. But
some species of the class Insecta have something
of a crust, which causes many naturalists to ques-
tion the beneficial uses of this subdivision.

They respire by a kind of gills or lamellar py-
ramids, sometimes furnished with threads. These
are placed at the articulations of the body. They
generally have four antenne. Their crustaceous
covering is very strong in some species, as the lob-
ster ; in others it is thin and tender.

The crusts of some species have been found in
the state of petrifactions or relique. But I do not
think Brongniard has demonstrated the trilobite
to have been of this class. I have recently found
trilobites in a calciferous slate, with their carbo-:
nate of lime shells still remaining. I believe M.
Brongniard will hereafter convince himself that
the trilobite was a multivalve molluscous animal.

ORDER 1. DECAPODIA.
Head confounded with the trunk.

Cancer, (crab, lobster,) having ten feet ; head
united to the corslet, forming a shield, covering
ihe whole anterior part of the body.

CLASS VI. ORDERS II. TO V. 95

ORDERS SECOND TO FIFTH.
Head distinct from the trunk.

Remark. These four orders of Latreille musi
be united, if we retain the old Linnean genera, as
adopted by Shaw, according to the plan of this
text-book.

Squii.a, tail longer than the thorax; each man-
dible bears a feeler ; eyes pedicelled and movea-
ble.

Oniscus, (sow-bug,) legs fourteen; antenne
setaceous ; body oval.

MonnocuLus, (swimming-bug,) feet formed for
swimming ; body covered by a crustaceous tegu-
ment; eyes, in most species, approximated and
imbedded in the shell.

Ca 88 Fs)

CLASS VII ARACHNIDA.

Remarks. Animals of this class also were
placed in the class Insecta by Linneus. They
are truly insects; but constituting a numerous
and interesting family of a peculiar character, few
object to the separation. ‘The web of the spider
attracted the notice of the earliest observers ; and
it forms a subject of refference in the writings of
Solomon. Were it not for that ridiculous affec-
tation which causes the feigned screaches and
screams so often heard at the approach of spiders,
nothing in the whole round of natural science
would be a more favorite subject of observation
and study, than the instincts and structures of
these beautiful and inoffensive animals.

ORDER 1. PULMONARIA.

Having hollow organs or sacks, in some measure
resembling lungs, which subserve the purpose of
respiration.

AraneA, (spider,) legs eight; eyes eight or.
six ; mouth furnished with two hooks or holders ;
feelers two, jointed, the tips of which, in the male,
distinguish the sex ; abdomen terminated by pa-
pille or teats, through which the threads of the
web are drawn.

Scorpio, (scorpion,) legs eight, besides the two
frontal claspers ; body ovate, elongated; eyes
eight, three on each side of the thorax and two on
the back; tail elongated, jointed and terminated
by a curved pincer ; combs (toothed processes) si-
tuated beneath, between the thorax and abdomen.

CLASS VSI. ORDER II. 9%

ORDER 2. TRACHENTA.

Having no cavity resembling lungs, but res pir-
ing bya kind of trachea-like radiation of branched
tubes. |

PuHatancium, (grey-beard,) legs eight; eyes
four, two vertical and two lateral; front furnish-
ed with cheliform antenne ; abdomen generally

rounded.
Acarvs, (mite,) legs eight; eyes two, situate
on each side of the head ; feelers two, jointed.

leg-form.

te)

> e889

CLASS VIII. INSECTA.

Remarks. This class comprises an immense
assemblage of small animals. They are mostly
ofa structure which is very favorable to rapid mo-
tion. Those which have wings mostly pass
through four states of existence. First the egg,
second the larva, third the crysalis, fourth the
winged insect. In every state they are extremely
interesting.

In classifying insects, those which have wings
are separated from those which have not. But
still there are several species wherein the male
and female differ in this particular. In general,
however, insects are easily classified and describ-
ed, and are very fit subjects for the exercise of
the discriminating powers of the young naturalist.
By studying isects and becoming acquainted
with their beautiful structure, all these artificial
horrors, excited by their presence, are changed
into feelings of adoration for Him, who drew out
their microscopic tubes, and set their respective
fluids to flow in them. | 3

ORDER i. MYRIAPODIA.

Having any number of feet above six and no
wings ; head not distinct from the trunk.

Juus, (round centipede,) antenne moniliform ;
feelers two, jointed ; body subcylindric ; legs num-
erous, twice as many on each side as the segments
of the body.

ScoLorenpra, (flat centipede,) antenne seta-
ceous ; body depressed ; legs numerous, equalling

CLASS VIIle ORDERS Il. tf. & Iv. 99

the number of segments of the body on each side ;
feelers two, setaceous.

ORDER 2. THYSANOURA.

Having but sia feet, with some other organs of
movement, which appear like fringes ; no wings.

Lerisma, (lepisma,) legs six, formed for run-
ning; mouth with two setaceous and two headed
feelers ; body imbricate with minute scales ; tail
furnished with extended bristles.

Popura, (spring-tail,) legs six, formed for run-
ning ; eyes two, composed of eight; tail forked,
formed for leaping, inflected 5; antenne setaceous,
elongated. ;

ORDER 3. PARASITA.

Having sia feet, no fringe-like organs ; no
wings ; crawl upon other animals.

Pepicutus, (louse,) legs six, formed for walk-
ing ; mouth furnished with an exsert piercer 3 an-
tenne the length of the thorax ; abdomen depress-
~ ed, sublobate.

ORDER 4. SUCTORIA.

No wings ; beak a sucker enclosed ina cylin-
dric sheath of two articulated pieces.

Puvex, (flea,) legs SiX, formed for leaping :
eyes two; antenne filiform; mouth furnished
with an inflated, setaceous snout, concealing a pier-
cer, abdomen compressed. |

400 CLASS VIII. ORDER V.

ORDER 5. COLEOPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair (called ely-
tra) crustaceous, the inner pair folded transverse-
ly, or not extended longitudinally.

Sec. A. Tarsus with five joints ; palpi six.

CicinpELA, (tiger-bug,) antenne setaceous ;
jaws prominent, denticulated ; eyes protuberant ;
thorax roundish and margined.

Carabus, antenne setaceous; thorax some
what heart-form, truncated in front, margined ;
abdomen ovate ; wing-sheaths margined.

Dytiscus, (swimmer,) antenne setaceous ; hind
legs villose, formed for swimming and terminated
by scarcely visible claws.

Hypracuna, (water witch, water-spider,) legs
eight, formed for swimming; head, thorax and ab-
domen united, or connate ; feelers two, jointed ;
eyes 2, 4or 6.

Grrinvs, (glimmer-cheffer,) antennz clavate,
stiff, shorter than the head, eyes apparently four,
two above and two below.

Sec. B. Tarsus with five joints ; palm four ;

antennee not enlarged at the ends nor luminated.

STAPHYLINUS, (rove beetle,) antennz moniliform 3;
wing-sheaths halved ; wings covered ; tail simple,
occasionally pretruding two oblong vesicles.

Buprestis, antenne setaceous, of the length of
the thorax ; head half withdraw n beneath the
thorax.

Earer, (snap-bug,) antenne setaceous ; body
oblong, when placed onthe back, springing up by

CLASS VIII. ORDER V. 101

means of the pectoral spine starting from the ab-
dominal foramen.

Lampyris, (glow-worm,) antenne filiform
wing-sheaths fiexile ; thorax flat, semiorbicular,
concealing and surrounding the head; abdomen
with the sides plaited into papille ; female wing-
less Gn most species.)

CANTHARIS, antenne setaceous; thorax margi-
ned, shorter than the head; wing-sheaths flexile ;
abdomen plated into papill on the sides.

Prinus, (plant-thief,) antenne filiform, with
the three last joints largest; thorax roundish with-
out distinct margin, receiving the head occasion-
ally.

Section C. Tarsus with fire joints ; palpi four s
antennee enlarged at the end or laminated.

Hister, antenne headed by a somewhat solid —
tip, lowest Joint compressed and decurved ; head
retractile ; mouth forcipated ; wing-sheaths short-
er than the body ; fore legs toothed.

SILPHA, (protector,) antenne thickening to-
wards the tip; wing-sheaths margined; head
prominent, thorax flattish, margined.

Dermestes, (leather-chaffer,) antennze clavate,
with perfoliate tip, the three last joints larger than
the rest ; thorax convex, scarcely or very slightly
margined ; head withdrawn at pleasure beneath
the thorax.

Byrruvus, antenne clavate, subsolid, subcom-
pressed.

Hypropuitus, (driver,) antenne clavate-per-
foliate ; hind legs villose and formed for swim-
ming,

#9

402 CLASS VIII. ORDER Vs.

Scarap2xus, (beetle,) antenne or horns clavate,
with a fissile tip; legs generally toothed ; body
thick and compact.

Lucanus, (ox-chaffer,) antenne clavate, with:
compressed tip, divided inte lamelle on the inner
side ; jaws stretched forward, exsert and toothed.

Sec. D. Tarsiwith one more joint to each of the
our forward ones, than to the two hindmost:
Generally four to each forward one.

Tenesrio, antenne moniliform with the last
joint rounded ; thorax planoconvex, margined ;
head exsert ; wing-sheath stiffish.

Diarenris, (shield- bug,) head concealed under
the corslet or received ina deep excavation in its
forward end; the sides of the corslet and of the
chest project over the body. It is often very flat,.
oval, and in the form of a shield.

Mrxor, (spanish fly,) antenne moniliform, with
the last joint ovate ; thorax roundish 5 wing-
sheaths soft and flexile ; head inflected.

Morpexua, antenne filiform, serrated ; head
bent down when disturbed ; feelers compressed-
clavate, obliquely truncated ; wing-sbeaths curv-
mg downwards towards the tip; lamina broad,
before the thighs, at the base of the abdomen.

Sec. KH. Tarsus always with four joints.

Brucuus, antenne filiform, gradually thicken-
ing; head retracted and inflected ; thorax attenu-
ate in front; wing-shells truncated, shorter than
the abdomen.

ATTELABUS, head attenuated behind ; antennez
thickening towards the tip.

GLASS VIII. ORDER V. 108

Curcutio, (weevil,) antenne subclavate situat-
ed on the snout ; snout horny prominent.

Pavsus, antenne of 2 joints, the yy very
large, inflated, moveable, and hooked 3; head
stretched forw . ; wing-sheaths flexile, “deflec.
ted, truncate.

Dire urusi Ace: body ov al : antenne gradual-
ly enlarged, perfoliate in a oreat number, (they
terminate in a mass of three or four articulations
upon each other.) “Phey live in mushrooms and
under the bark of trees.

CreraMBYX, (goat-chaffer, goat-horns,)-antennz
slender and gradually attenuated ; thorax either
spiny or bulging ; wing-sheaths sublinear ; body
oblong.

Leprura, (wood-beetle,) antennz setaceous ;
wing-sheaths attenuated towards the tip ; thorax
subcylindric.

NECYDALIS, antenne setaceous ; wing-sheaths
smaller, shorter and narrower than the wings ; tail
simple.

Hispa, (prickly-beetle,) antenne spindle-form,
approximate at the base, situate between the eyes ;

thorax and wing-shells generally aculated.
— Cassipa, (tortoise caring antenne moniliform,
thickening towards ibe tip; head concealed be-
neath the Pineld of the thorax ; thorax and wing-
sheaths dilated and margined ; body oval, convex,
flat beneath.

CurysoMELa, antenne moniliform, thickening
towards the tip ; thorax margined; body ovate or
oblong, convex. 2

104 CLASS VIIT. ORDER YI,

Sec. F. Tarsus always with three or with twe
joints.

Coccineua, (lady-bug, ladies’-bird,) antenne
subclavate and truncate ; feelers with semicordate
tips ; body hemispheric, with the abdomen flat
beneath.

ORDER 6. ORTHOPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair generally of
a leathery texture ; the inner pair plaited longt-
tudinally.

Forricuta, (earwig,) antenne setaceous ; wing-
sheaths halved ; wings covered ; tail forcipated,

Buarra, (cockroach,) head inflected ; antennz.
setaceous ; wings flat, subcoriaceous ; thorax flat-
ish orbicular, margined ; feet formed for running ;
horniets two over the tail. ‘

Mantis, (soothsayer,) head unsteady, armed
with jaws and furnished with palpi or feelers ; an-
tenn setaceous ; thorax linear; wings 4, membra-
naceous, convolute ; the lower pair plated ; fore-
legs, in most species, compressed, serrated beneath
and armed with a single claw and with a setace-
ous, lateral, jointed foot ; hind-legs smooth, form-
ed for walking.

Puasma, (spectre,) head large ; antenne fill-
form; eyes small, rounded stemmata 3, between:
the eyes; wings 4, membranaceous, the upper
pair abbreviated, the lower plaited ; feet formed
for walking. )

Gry Luvs, (grass-hopper, locust,) head inflected,
armed with jaws, and furnished with feelers ; an-
tenn in most species, either filiform or setaceous 5.

CLASS VIII. ORDER VII. 405

wings 4, deflexed, convolute, lower ones plaited ;
hind- legs formed for leaping ; claws double on all
the feet. |

ORDER 7. HEMIPTERA.

Having four wings, the outer pair mostly with
the upper half crustaceous and the lower half mem-
branaceous ; inner edges generally crossing each
other at an angle more or less acute.

Cimex, (bug, fruit-bug,) snout inflected ; anten-
ne longer than thorax ; wings 4, cross-complicate
or folded crosswise, the upper pair coriaceous on
the upper part ; back flat with the thorax mar-
gined ; feet formed for running.

Nepa, (water-scorpion,) snout inflected ; wings
4, cross-complicate, coriaceous on the upper part 5
fore-feet cheliform, (forcipated) the rest formed
for walking.

Noronecra, (boat-fly,) snout inflected ; anten-
ne shorter than thorax ; wings coriaceous on the
upper part and crossed over each other ; hind
feet edged with hairs and formed for swimming.

_ Crcapa, (american locust, caty-did, green-grass-

hopper,) sneut inflected ; antenne very short, se-
taceous ; wings 4, membranaceous, deflected ;
feet, in most species, formed for leaping.

Fuueora, (lantern-fly,) head produced into an
inflated hollow front ; antenne beneath the eyes,
of 2 joints, the exterior larger and globose 3 snout
inflected ; feet formed for walking.

CHERMEs, (gall-bug,) snout pectoral ; antennes
longer than thorax ; wings 4, deflexed ; thorax
zibbose ; feet formed for walking.

406 CLASS VIII. ORDER VIII.

Turips, snout inconspicuous ; antenne the length
of the thorax ; body linear: abdomen reflexile
upwards; wings 4, straight, long, narrow, incum-
bent on the back, slightly crossed.

Aruis, (plant-louse,) snout inflected ; antennz
Jonger than thorax; wings either 4, upright or
none ; feet formed for walking; abdomen general-
ly furnished with 2 horns or processes.

Coccus, (cochineal bug,) snout pectoral ; abdo-
men bristled behind ; wings 2 in males, upright;
in females none.

ORDER 8. NEUROPTERA.

Having four naked membranaceous wings,
finely reticulated ; the inner pair as large as the
outer, and sometimes larger one way.

LipetiuLta, (dragon’s needle, dragon-fly,)
mouth furnished with several jaws; antenne very
short ; wings 4, extended ; tail, in the male, for-
cipated.

EpHemMera, (day-fiy, ephemera,) mouth without
teeth or feelers; steminata 2, very large, above
the eyes ; wings upright, lower pair smaller; tail
bristled.

Panorpa, (scorpion-ily,) snout horny, cylin-
dric, with 2 feelers ; siemmata 3 ; antenne longer
than thorax ; tail of the female chelated or
clawed.

Myrmeteon, (lion-ant,) mouth furnished with
jaws ; teeth 2; feelers 4, elongated ; stemmata
none ; antennez clavate, of the length of the tho-
rax; wings deffected ; tail of the male furnished
with a forceps consisting of 2 straitish filaments.

~

CLASS VIII. ORDER IX. 107
- Hemerosius, (gold-eye,) mouth with 2 teeth
and 4 feelers ; stemmata none; wiugs deflected,
not plaited ; antenne longer than the convex
thorax, setaceous, stretched forwards.

Rapuipia, mouth with 2 teeth ; head depress-
ed, horny; feelers 4 ; stemmata 3 ; wings de-
flexed ; antennez the length of thorax, which is
cylindric, and elongated in front ; tail of females
furnished with a recurved lax bristle.

Termes, (ticking-fly.) legs 6, formed for run-
ning ; eyes 2; antenne setaceous ; mouth fur-
nished with 2 jaws.

Puryeanea, (cadow-fly,) mouth without teeth,
with 4 feelers ; stemmata 3 ; antenne longer than
thorax ; wings incumbent, lower pair plaited.

ORDER 9. HYMENOPTERA.

Having four naked membranaceous wings ; the
inner or hindmost pair always smaller than the
others. i

TENTHREDO, (saw-fly,) mouth with jaws, with-
out proboscis ; wings ilat, swelled or slightly in-
_ flated ; piercer consisting of 2 serrated and scarce-
ly projecting laminz ; scutellum with 2 distant
sranules.

Sirex, mouth with 2 strong jaws; feelers 2,
truncated ; antennz filiform, with more than 24
joints ; piercer exserted, stiff, serrate ; abdomen
sessile, pointed ; wings lanceolate and all flat.

IcHNEUMON, (ichneumon,) mouth with jaws,
without tongue; antennz with more than 30 joints ;
abdomen, in most species, peduncled ; piercers
exsert, with a cylindric bivalve sheath.

108 CLASS VIII. ORDER X.

Cynips, (gall-fly,) mouth with jaws, but with-
out proboscis ; piercer or sting spiral, generally
concealed.

Curysis, (gold-wasp,) mouth with jaws, with-
out proboscis; antenne filiform with the first joint
lengthened the other 11 short ; abdomen arched
beneath, with a lateral scale on each side ; vent
dentated ; piercer subexsert; wings flat ; body
gilded.

Formica, (ant,) head large, with diffracted fili-
form antenne ; mouth with large jaws and 4 un-
equal feelers ; thorax narrowed behind and furn-
ished with an upright scale ; abdomen subglo-
bose ; neutrals apterous ; neutrals and females
furnished with a concealed sting.

Motitua, antenne filiform ; body downy 3;
thorax retuse behind ; wings frequently wanting ;
sting concealed.

Spuex, (solitary-wasp,) mouth with jaws, with-
out tongue ; antennz of 10 joints; wings flat, in-
cumbent, not plaited ; sting concealed.

Vespa, (wasp, hornet,) mouth with jaws, with-
out proboscis ; upper wings plaited ; “biagle con-
cealed ; eyes junated ; body smooth.

Aris, (bee,) mouth furnished with j jaws and an
inflected proboscis with 2 bivalve sheaths ; wings
flat, or without plaits ; sting concealed in the fe-
male and neutral bees.

ORDER 10. LEPIDOPTERA. |

Having four membranaceous wings, generally
large, covered with small scales. The scales ap-
pear like dust, when brushed off under the naked
eye.

Papiio, (butterfly,) antenne thickening to-

CLASS VIII. ORDERS xI. & Xu. 109

wards the extremity, commonly ter minating in a
knob or clavate tip ; wings when sitting , erect and
meeting upwards ; flight “diurnal.

SpHINX, (hawk-miller,) antennie thickest in the
middle, subprismatic and attenuated at each ex-
tremity ; wings deflected ; flight strong and com-
monly in the morning or evening.

PHALAENA, (candle- miller, moth,) antennez se-
taceous, gradually lessening from the base to tip $
Wings, when sitting, generally deflexed and bent
down archwise 3; flight nocturnal.

ORDER 11. RHIPTERA.

Having two membranaceous wings plaited inte
a fan, with two small elytralike moveable bodies
near their origin, at the forepart of the corslet.
Al very trifling order, probably will be rejected
hereafter.

Xenos, two branches of antennze have no ar-’
ticulation ; the abdomen is horned. Under scales
of other insects.

Stytops, the upper branch of the hindmost
piece of the antennz is composed of three smal}
joints ; the abdomen is retractile and fleshy.—
Under scales of other insects.

ORDER 12. DIPTERA.
_ Having but two wings.
CuLEx, (gnat, musqueto,) mouth consisting of
setaceous piercers, within a flexible sheath.
Tipua, (crane-fiy,) mouth arched over by the
upper jaw extending from the head ; palpi 2, re-
eurved, longer than the head ; proboscis recurved,

very short.
10

410 CLASS VIII. ORDER XIle

Asiuus,’ (hornet-fly,) mouth with a straight,
horny, bivalve snout. .

Empis, mouth with a horny, inflected, bivalve
snout, longer than the thorax, with horizontal
valves.

Bompy.tius, (humming-fly,) mouth furnished
with a very long porrected, setaceous, bivalve
trunk ; with horizontal valves including setace-
ous piercers. i

Tasanus, (ox-fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy
proboscis, terminated by 2 lips; rostrum furnished
with 2 pointed palpi, placed on the side of, and
parallel to, the proboscis.

Conoprs, mouth with a porrected, jointed snout.

Orsrrus, (gad-fly,) antennz triarticulate, very
short, sunk; face broad, depressed, vesicular ;
mouth a simple orifice ; feelers 2, biarticulate,
sunk ; tail inflected.

Musca, (house fly,) mouth formed into a fleshy
proboscis, with 2 lateral lips ; palpi none.

Diopsis, (stem-eye,) antennz very small, seta-
ceous, eyes situated on very long footstalks.

Hurrogosca, (horse-fly,) mouth furnished with
a bivalve, cylindric, obtuse, natant snout; bedy |
depressed ; feet furnished with several claws,

icine aioe

CLASS IX. MOLLUSCA.

Remarks. [ include the whole grand division,
Mollusca, in one class; though Cuvier subdivides
it into the classes, Cephalopodia, head-footed—
Pteropodia, wing-feoted—Guasteropodia, trunk-
footed—Acephala, headless—Brachiopodia, arm-
footed—Cirrhopedia, fibre-footed. As this classi-
fication is founded upon the anatomical structure
of the fleshy interior of the animals, it is manifest
that they cannot be classified by their shells ac-
cording to this system. As our investigations are
mostly confined to the shells, I have adopted the
Linnean sections for orders ; and prefixed an or-
der for naked molluscous animals, which are not
. of the radiated division. Could we always ob-
tain the molluscous interior, the classification of
Cuvier would be preferable.

ORDER 1. NUDATA.
Soft animals destitute of shells.

Serra, (cuttle-fish,) body fieshy, receiving tlie.
breast ina sheath, with a tubular aperture at its
base ; arms 8, beset with numerous warts or suck-
ers, and in most cases 2 peduncled tentacule ;
head short; eyes large ; mouth resembling a par-
rot’s beak. In sea. This is the animal called
the polypus by the ancients ; but that name is very
differently applied by modern naturalists.

C110, body oblong, nayant, generally sheathed,
and furnished with 2 dilated membranaceous
arms or wing-like processes ; tentaculz 3, besides
2 in the mouth. ° In sea.

/

412 CLASS IX. ORDER tf.

Doris, (sea-lemon,) body creeping, oblong, and
flat beneath: mouth placed below on the fore-
part; vent behind on the back, surrounded by a
fringe ; feelers 2 to 4, seated on the upper part of
the body in front and retractile within their proper
receptacle. A

Triton, (water salamander,) body oblong ;
mouth with an involute spiral proboscis ; tentacu-
lz or arms twelve, six on each side, divided near-
ly to the base, the hind ones cheliferous.

Trtuys, body detatched, rather cblong, fleshy,
without peduncles ; mouth with a terminal cylind-
vic proboscis under an expanded membrane or lip ;
apertures two on the left side of the neck. In sea.

Lapuisia, (sea-hare,) body creepivg, covered
with reflected membranes, with a membranaceous
shield on the back, covering the lungs ; aperture
placed on the right side ; vent above the extremi-
ty of the back ; feelers four, resembling ears. In
sea.

ScyLLaEA, body compressed and grooved along
the back ; mouth consisting of a terminal, toothless
aperture ; tentacula or arms three each side, and
placed beneath. In sea. |

Limax, (slug, smooth snail,) body oblong, creep-
ing, with a fleshy kind of shield above, and a lon-
gitudinal flat dish beneath; aperture placed on
the right side within the shield ; feelers four, si-
tuated above the mouth, with an eye at the tip of
each of the larger ones. In water, moist places,
and on common soil,

Sapa, bedy loose, nayant, gelatinous, tubular,
and open at each extremity ; intestine placed oh.~
liquely. In sea, °

CLASS IX. ORDERII. 113

AscipA, body fixed, roundish and aparently is-
suing from a sheath. In sea.

Daeysa, body loose, nayant, angular, tubular
and open at each extremity. In sea.

PrerorracHea, bedy detached, gelatinous,
with a moveable fin at the abdomen or tail 3 eyes
two, placed within the head. In sea.

Derris, body cylindric, composed of articula-
tions ; wouth terminal; feelers two. in sea.

Oncurpium, body oblong, creeping, flat beneath;
mouth placed before ; feelers two, situate above
the mouth; armes two, at the sides of the head ;
vent behind, and placed beneath. On leaves.

Lozarta, body above convex, beneath flat, lo-
bate. Insea..

ORDER 2. MULTIVALVA.

Soft animals, having shells with more than two
valves.

Cuiton, (monoloba,) animals inhabiting the
shell, adoris; shell consisting of several segments
or transverse incumbent valves, disposed in a lon-
gitudinal series down the back.

Leras, (acorn-shell, barnacle,) animal a tri- ’
ton; shell affixed at the base and consisting of
many unequal erect valves. Formerly called the
barnacle goose-egg. ;

Puotas, (piddock,) animal an ascidia 3; prin-
cipal shell bivalve divaricate, with several lesser
differently shaped accessary ones at the hinge ;
hinges recurved, united by a cartilage; in the in-
side beneath the hinge is an incurved tooth.

*10

4 Ve CLASS IX. ORDER IIt

ORDER 3. BIVALVA.
Soft animals, having shelis with two valves.

Mya, (pearl-muscle, gaper,) animal an ascidia;
shell bivalve, generally gaping at one end ; hinge
with broad thick strong teeth, seldom more than
one, and net inserted into the opposite valve.

SoLeEN, (razor- sheath,) animal an ascidia; shell
bivalve, eblong, open at both ends; hinge witha
subulate reflected tooth, often double, and not in-
serted in the opposite valve.

TELLINA, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, gen-
erally sloping on one side ; in the forepart of one.
valve a convex, of the other a concave, fold; hinge.
usually three teeth, the lateral ones smooth in one.
shell.

Carpivum, (cockle,) animal a tethys ; shell bi-
valve, nearly equilateral, equivalve, generally
convex ; longitudinally ribbed, striate or grooved,

with a foathed margin ; hinge with two alter rate

teeth near the benk 1 in the prdille, and a larger re-

mote lateral one each side, each locking into the
opposite.

‘Macrra, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, une-
qual sided, eqnivalve : middie tooth of the hinge
complicated, with a small hollow each side, late-
ral ones remote and inserted into each other.

Donax, animal a tethys; shell bivalve, with
generally a crenulate margin, the frontal or ante-
rior margin very obiuse ; hinge with two teeth,
and a single marginal one place da little behind,
which is rarely double, triple or none.

Venus, (common clam,) animal a lethys ; shell
bivalve, the frontal margin flattened with incum-

Vv
ve
hilt

CLASS IX. ORDER III, : 4415

bent lips ; hinge with three teeth, all of them ap-
‘proximate, the lateral ones divergent at the tip.

SroNDYLUs, (thorney oyster,) animal a tethys ;
shell hard, solid, with unequal valves ; one con-
vex, the other ahr fiat ; hinge with two recurv-
ed teeth separated by a small hollow.

Cuama, (basin conk,) animal a tethys ; shell
bivalve, rather coarse ; hinge with a callose gib-
bosity, obliquely inserted in an oblique hollow ;
anterior slope closed. :

Arca, (nvah’s ark,) animala tethys ? shell bi-
valve, equivalve; hinge with numerous sharp
teeth alternately inserted between each other.

Osrrea, (oyster, scallop,) animal, a tethys ;
shell bivalve, pencrally, with unequal valves and
slightly eared ; hinge without teeth, but furnished
with an ovate ‘hollow, and mostly lateral, trans-
verse groove.

Anomia, (thin-shell,) animal siugeslndtes cili-
ate, strap-ferm, with bristles or fringe affixed to
upper valve; shell bivalve, one valve flatish, the
other gibbose at the base, with a produced beak
generally curved over the hinge ; hinge without
teeth, but a lateral tooth within, on the margin of
the flat valve ; two bony rays for the base of the
animal,

Myvrixvus, (mother pearl, muscle,) animal al-
lied to an ascidia; shell bivalve, rough, generally
afiixed by a byssus or beard, of silky filaments ;
hinge mostly without teeth, with sometimes a su-
bulate excavated longitudinal} line.

Pinna, (wing- clam,) animal a limax; shell
sub-bivalve, fragile, upright, gaping at one end,
and furnished with a bissus or beard; hinge with-

23 a

1i6 CLASS IX. ORDER IV.

8g

out teeth, the valves united into one. acre, —
yielding byssus of which silk is sometimes made.

ORDER 4. UNIVALVA.

Soft animals, having shells with single valves.

ARGONAUTA, (paper nautilus,) animal a sepia
or Clio; shell univalve, spiral, involute, membra-
naceous, one-celled.

Navuritus, (pearl nautilus,) animal sepla ;
shell univalve, divided into several departments
communicating with each other by an aperture or
siphunculus.

Conus, (cone,) animal iieaee: shell univaive.
convolute, turbinate ; aperture efi. longitudi-
nal, linear, without teeth, entire at the base; pil-
lar smooth.

Cyprara, (gourie, sea-porcelain,) animal a li-
max ; shell univalve, invelute, suboyate, smooth,
obtuse at each end; aperture effuse at each end,
linear, extending the whele length of the shell,
and toothed each side:

Buwia, (dipper- shell,) animal a limax; shell
univalve, convoiute, unarmed vith teeth; aper-
ture a little enaiiened; oblong, lon citudiiel, very
entire at the base; pillar-lip oblique, smooth.

Voiura, (mitre, volute,) animal limax 5 shell
one-celled spiral; aperture without a beak, and
somewhat cffuse ; pillar twisted or plaited, gene-
rally without lips or perforations.

Buccinum, (whelk, helmet-shell,) animal li-
max ; shell univalve, spiral, gibbose ; aperture
: ovate, terminating in’ a short canal leaning to the
right, with a retuse beak or projection ; pillar-lip
expanded.

es

‘ et mm
CLASS IX. ORDER Iv. MF

Srrompus, (dinner-hern,) animal a limax 3
shell univalve, spiral; the lip of the aperture often |
much dilated ; expanding, and produced into a
groove leaning to the left.

Murex, (thorn- shell,) animal limax ; shell ine-
quivalve, spiral, rough, with membranaceous su-
tures ; aperture oval, ending inan entire, straight
or slightly ascending canal.

Trocuus, (top-shell,) animal limax; shell uni-
valve, spiral, more or fee CONIC: aperture some-
what angular or rounded, the upper side trans-
verse and contracted ; pillar placed obliquely.

Turego, (periwinkle, stair-case,) animal limax ;
shell univdive, spiral, solid; aperture contracted,
orbicular, entire.

Huras (snail,) animal limax ; shell univaive,
spiral, subdiaphanous, brittle ; aperture contract-
ed, semilunar or roundish. In dry and wet soil
and water.

Nenira, (sea-snail,) animal limax ; shell uni-
valve, spiral, cibbose, flattish at bottom ; aperture
-semiorbicular or semilunar ; pillar-lip transverse-
ly truncate, flatish.

Hatyoris, (sea-ear,) animal limax ; shell uni-
valve, dilated, ear-form, with a longitudinal row
of orifices along the surface ; ; spire lateral and
nearly concealed.

Pate va, (limpet,) animal limax ; shell uni-
valve, subconic, shaped like a basin ; without
spire.

Terenpo, (ship-worm,) animal aterebella, with
two calcareous hemispherical valves cut off before,
and two lanceolate ones ; shell tapering, flexuoss
and capable of penetrating wood.

Cer 418.°°"’)

CLASS X. ECHINODERMA.

Remarks. The organic structure of the ani-
mals of this class is more complicated than that of
any other class of this division. They have an
organized covering, often sustained upon some-
thing resembling a skeleton, which supports sharp
processes or spines sometimes moveable. They
have animperfect vascular system, and their res-
piratory organs are often very distinct. Some
species have fibres, which seem to supply the of-
fice of nerves.

ORDER 1. PEDICEKLLATA.,

Having stem-like moveable processes which per-
form the office of feet. |

ASTERIAS, (sea-star,) body depressed, covered
with a coriaceous crust, muricate with tentacula,
and grooved beneath; mouth central, five-rayed.
In sea.

Encrinus, (stone-lily,) a stem divided into nu-
mereus articulations ; its branches are like the
stem, and subdivided dichetomously. Its fossil
remains have been. called entrochites, which are
pieces of the stems and branches of this genus.

Ecuinus, (sea-urchin, sea-hedghog,) body
roundish, cevered with a bony sutured crust, and
generally furnished with moveable spines; mouth
placed beneath, and mostly five-valved. In sea.

HoLornuria, body detached, cylindric, thick,
naked, and open at the extremity ; mouth sur-
ems by fieshy branches, tentacula or feelers.

n 6ea,

€LASS X. ORDERII. 119

ORDER 2. APODA. |

Having no organs for locomation.

SIPUNCULUs, (tube-worm,) body round, elon-
gated ; mouth cylindric at the end, and narrower
than the body ; aperture at the side of the bedy
and veruciform. In the sea under stones,

(120° '9

CLASS XI. INTESTINA.

Remarks. This class does not include those
animals which enter the bodies of other animals
in maturity. Itincludes those only which reside
and propagate in the alimentary canals, glands,
cellular membranes and parenchymous coverings
of other animals. As they have no respiratory
organs, it is evident that the influence of oxygen,
necessary to animal life, is, in some unexplained
manner, transmitted to them through the animals
which they inhabit. Their deficiency, in respira-
tory organs and in nerves, induce many natural-
ists to consider them as morbid excrescences, not
entitled to the rank of animals.

ORDER 1. CAVITORIA.

Having internal cavities for the reception of food,
and mouths.

_ Fivartia, (negro-eater,) body round, filiform,
equal and quite smooth ; mons dilated with a
roundish concave lip. In negro’s feet. 3

TricHocreruaLus, (hair-head,) body round,
elastic, and variously twisted ; head or forepart
much thicker and furnished with a slender exser-
tile proboscis ; ‘sil or lower part long, capillary,
and tapering toe point. In men, horses, &c.

CucuLianus, (hooded worm,) body sharp,
pointed behind, and obtuse before ; mouth orbi-
cular with a straight hood. In moles, buzzards,
frogs, fish.

Ascaris, (spindle-worm,) body round, elastic,
and tapering towards each extremity ; head with

~

GLASS XIe ORDER Il. 424

three vesicles ; tail obtuse or subulate ; intestines
spiral, milk-white and pellucid. In man, beast,
fish, birds.

StTRoNGYLus, (horse glassworm,) body round,
tong, pellucid, glabrous ; the fore part globular,
truncate, with a circular aperture, fringed at the
margin; the hind part of the female entire and
pointed ; in the male dilated into loose, distant,
pellucid membranes. In horses and sheep.

Lernaca, (fish-eater,) body oblong, somewhat
cylindrical, naked ; tentacula or armes two or
three each side and round, by which it affixes it-
self; evaries two, projecting like tails from the
lower extremity. In mouths, gills and fins of fish.

ORDER 2. PARENCHYMATA.

Having no particular cavities for the reception
of food and no mouths, but imbibe their food by
pores, which seem to mix immediately with the
general parenchymous mass, constituting their
hodies.

Ecuynoryncuus, body round ; proboscis cy-
hindric-retractile, and crowned with hooked
prickles. In hogs, birds, reptiles and fishes.

Facroua, (ground worm, fluke,) body flatish,
with an aperture or pore at the head, and general-
ly another at a distance beneath, seldom a single
one. In man and all animals.

CARVYOPHYLL#£US, (pink fish-eater,) body round;
mouth dilated and fringed. In fresh water fish.

- Piananta, (eyed-worm,) body gelatinous,
flatish, with a double ventral pore ;_mouth terimi-
nal. In rivers and stagnant waters. It is divid-
ed into the no-eyed, the one-eyed, the two-eyed,
the three-eyed, the four-eyed, and the many-eyed.

11

122 CLASS XIe ORDER II.

Tent, (tape-worm,) body flat and composed
of numerous articulations ; head with four orifices
for suction, a little below the mouth; mouth ter-
minal, continued by a short tube into two ventral
canals, and generally crowned with a double se-
vies of retractile hooks or holders. In man and
most mammalia, birds, reptiles and fish.

Furia, (cattle-pest,) body linear, equal, fili-
form and ciliate each side with a single row of re-
flected prickles pressed close to the body. In
the skin of man and horse in Finland.

ScoLex, body gelatinous, variously shaped,
broadish on the forepart, and pointed behind ;
sometimes linear and long, sometimes wrinkled
and short, round, flexuose or depressed ; head
protrusile and retractile. In fish.

Licuia, body linear, equal, long; the fore
part obtuse, the hind part acute, with an impress-
ed dorsal suture. In merganser and fish. ;

(6 ee )

CLASS XII. ACALEPHA.

Remarks. These animals are often called sea-
nettles ; because it is said that a stinging sensa-
tion is often excited while handling them. They
are the largest of the zoophytes. If there is such
an animal as that described by seamen, under the
name of kraken, it probably belongs to this class ;
though some suppose it may be a species of the
sepia, of the class Mollusca, order Nudata. The
bodies of animals of this class are soft, fleshy or
gelatinous. In some we perceive something of a
fibrous structure ; others appear to be mere “eela-
finous masses.

ORDER 1. AFFIXA.

Having the habit and power of attaching ae
selves by their bases to resting places.

AcTINIA, (sea-anemone, sea-dasie,) body ob-
long, cylindrical, fleshy, contractile, fixed by the
base; mouth terminal, expansile, surrounded
With numerous cirri, and without any other aper-
ture. In sea.

Lucernarta, body gelatinous, wrinkled, branch-
ed; mouth placed beneath.

ORDER 2. LIBERATA.

Never fixing themselves to a resting place, but
floating or swimming upon water, by the specific
levity of particular parts, or by air-bubbles contain-
ed in them.

424 CLASS XII. ORDER It.

Mepwsa, (sea-nettle, sea-blubber,) body gela-
tinous, orbicular, and generally flat underneath :
mouth central, beneath. In sea.

Puvssopnora, body gelatinous, pendant ‘from
an aerial vesicle, with gelatinous sessile members
at the sides, and numerous tentacula beneath.
In sea.

Peo 16. <a)

CLASS XIII. POLYPI.

Riemarks. Animals of this class are called po-
lypi, because the tentacula which surround their
mouths, resemble, in.some degree, those of. the se-
pia, which the ancients called polypus. ‘Fhey are
always cylindric, terete or conic ; but the number
and form of their tentacula are very variable.—
‘There is a cavity in all to.receive food.;. but it is
often a mere simple cavity or caliber.. All ani-
mals of this class. are capable of becoming com-
pound ; and by cutting them in a direction to se-
parate an individual, the cutting will.live, like an
inocculated bud. But their species are reproduced.

by eggs.
ORDER 1. NUDATA.

Having no hard covering;.and not producing a
woody, horny or fieshy aais: by combination.

Hypra, (sprouting polypus,) animal fixing it-
self hy the base, finear,. gelatinous, naked, con-
tractile and furnished with setaceous tentacula. or
feelers ; inhabiting fresh waters, and produciag
its deciduous offspring, buds or eggs, from the
sides.

Pepicetuanrta, (stiff-stem,) body soft and seat-
ed on a rigid fixed peduncle; aperture single. In
sea.

ORDER 2:. POLYPETRA.

ffaving stony cases, made chiefly of carbonate of

lime. This order embraces all the animals inhab-

iting coral rocks, i
*41L

426 GLASS XIII. ORDER Il.

Sec. A. Inhabiting tubes, like the pith of a vege-
table caulis ; open at the summit or side.

Tusirora, (pipe-coral,) coral consisting of erect
hollow cylindric parallel aggregate tubes.

Tusucanria, (coral-tube,) stem tubular, simple
or branched, fixed by the base ; animal projecting
from the end of the tube, and having its head
crested with tentacula. |

SeRTULARIA, (sca-moss, coral-grass,) animal
growing in the form of a plant; stem branched,
producing polypes from cup-form denticles or mi-

nute cells.

Sec. B. Each polypus occupies a cell, separated
from the cells of other polypi by their partitions ;
and they communicate with each other by very
minute pores.

CELLuLARiA, (outer-celled coal ,) cells dispos-
ed in a manner to form branching stems, but with-
out a communicating tube along the axis; calca-
reous..

Frustra, (sea-mat, horn-wrack,) animal.a po-
lypus proceeding from porous cells; stem fixed,
foliaceous, membranaceous, consisting of numer-
ous rows of cells, united together and woven like
a mat.
CeLLepora, (inner-celled coral,) presents a
mass of little cells, or calcareous vesicules, dis-
tributed opposite to each other, pierced with a
small hole.

Cora.uina, (coralline,) animal growing in the
form of a plant ; stem fixed, with calcareous sub-
divided branches, mostly jointed.

CLASS XIII, ORDER It. 127

Sec. C. The polyyi are united in the form of a
dense bark, around an axis, variable 1m form
and in texture.

ANTIPATHOs, (sea-fan,) animal growing in the
form of a plant; stem expanded at the base, in-
ternally borny and beset with small spines, ex-
ternally covered with a gelatinous flesh, beset
with numerous polypi bearing tubercles.

GorGonta, (gorgon,) animals growing in the
form of a plant ; stem coriaceous, corky, woody,
horny or bony, composed of glassy fibres, or like
stone, striate, tapering, dilated at the base, cov-
ered with a vascular or cellular flesh, or bark,
and becoming spongy and friable when dry ;
mouths or florets covering the surface of the stem,
and polypi-bearing.

Isis, (bush-coral,) animal growing much in the
form of a plant ; stem stony, jointed, the joints
longitudinally striate, united by spongy or horny
junctures, and covered by a soft porous cellular
flesh, or bark ; mouths beset with oviparous po-

lypes.

Sec. D. Having the stony ov coriaceous covering
branched, rounded, or in plates; always fur-
nished with stellated lanine. In the living
state, the stony part is entirely covered with a
living membrane, which is soft and gelatinous,
bristled with tentacula, which are the polypi.

Mavrepora, (star-coral,madrepore,) animal re-
sembling a medusa 5 coral with lamellate star-
form cavities.

PENNATULA, (sea-feather, sea-pen,) animal not
affixed, of various shapes, supported by a bony

£28 CLASS XIII, ORDER It,

part within, naked at the base, the upper paré
with generally lateral ramifications furnished with
rows of tubular denticles, producing radiated po-
lypes from each tube.

_ALCYonIUM, (mushroem-coral,) animal general-
dy growing in the form of a plant, stem fixed,
fleshy, gelatinous, spongy or coriaceous, beset
with polypi bearing stellate cells.

Sponcta, (sponge,) animal fixed, flexile, torpid,
ef various forms, composed either of reticulate
fibres, or masses of small spines, interwoven to-
gether, and clothed with a gelatinous flesh, full of
small mouths on its surface, by which it absorbs,
and rejects water,

CU 429) 4

CLASS XIV. INFUSORIA.

Remarks. Cuvier says, itis customary to place,
at the end of the animal kingdom, those minute be-
ings, which escape the natural eye, and which
were never distinguished, until after the micros-
cope had developed a kind of new world. They
generally present gelatinous bodies extreniely sim-

le. These may be arranged together with pro-
priety. But many animals are placed here, mere-
jy on account of their minuteness. Those of this
description will probably be removed from this
class, after farther investigation.

Enfusory animals are best examined under the
solar microscope. ‘To prepare them; steep in
cold rain water almost any vegetable, for several
hours ; then expose this infusion for a day or two
to.the sun’s rays, In a situation to bring the tem-
perature to that of common river water in the sum-
mer months. Ifa drop of this is put upen a piece
of glass, or between two pieces, placed in the fo-
cus behind the lens of a solar microscope, the
animalcula will soon appear on the screen.

ORDER 1. ROTIFERA.

Bodies oval, gelatinous ; having mouths, stom-
achs and intestines ; often having a kind of tail,
and two prominences upon the neck appear te
bear eyes, and organs are seen which appear to be
concerned in respiration.

VortTiceLua, (whirler,) body contractile, nak-
ed, and furnished with ciliate, rotatory organs. In
all waters.

430 CLASS XIV. ORDER II.

Brancuionus, (shelled jellies,) body contrac-
tile, covered with a shell, and furnished at the
head with ciliate rotatory organs. In stagnant
waters.

ORDER 2. HOMOGENTA.

Bodies of various forms, having neither mouth,
stomach, nor any other viscera. Some have ap-
pendages resembling cilia, some appear like mere
points, some are globular and more rapidly with-
out any apparent organs of motion, some change
their forms every moment.

Tricnopa, (hair-head,) worm invisible, pel-
lucid, hairy, or horned. In all waters.

Cercaria, (green scum,) worm invisible to the
naked eye, pellucid and furnished with a tail.
These insects constitute the green pellicle on stag-
nant waters. :

Levcoputia, worm invisible to the naked eye,
every where ciliate. In clear marshy water.

Visrio, worms invisible to the naked eye, very
simple, round, elongated. In common water and
in vegetable infusions.

Gonium, worm very simple, flat, angular, invisi-
ble to the naked eye. In pure and stagnant wa-
ters.

Cotropa, (flat-jeilies,) worm invisible to the
naked eye, very simple, pellucid, flat, sinuate. In
pure water, and infusions.

Paramecium, (oblong jellies,) worm invisible
to the naked eye, simple, pellucid, flattened, ob-
Jong. In salt and fresh water and among weeds.

Cyc.ipium, (oval jellies,) worm invisible to the
naked eye, very simple, pellucida, flat, orbicular

CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 434

or oval. In infusions of hay and of some other
vegetables.

Bursaria, worm very simple, membranaceous,
hollow. In marshes.

EncuHELis, worm invisible te the naked eye,
very simple, cylindrical. In water long kept.

Bacixvaria, (straw-thread,) body consisting of
cylindrical straw like filaments, placed parallel to
each other, and frequently changing their position.
In the ulva latissima.

Monas, (jelly-points,) worms invisible to the
naked eye, most simple, pellucid, resembling a
point. Smallest of all animalcule yet discovered.
In sea-water long kept, in fetid infusions of pears,
in most animal and. vegetable infusions, and in
clear pure water.

Votvox, (globe jellies,) worm invisible to the |
naked eye, simple, pellucid, spherical. In com-
mon water and in vegetable infusions,

ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES

PLACED UNDER AN ALPHABETICAL ARRANGE~
MENT OF THE GENERIC NAMES.

=<

Directions. After having found the generic name of
an animal in the foregoing system of genera, find the
same name here by seeking its alphabetical place. ‘The
numbers of the class and order stand at the left of the
name, and the number of species contained in the genus
at the right. The description of one species will be found
under each genus, and in some cases, a considerable
number.

If the specimen under examination is not described
{and not one twentieth of all known species are described
in this text-bovk): find the same genus in Rees’ Cycle-
pedia, Turton’s Linneus, Shaw’s Zoology, or in what-
ever system comes first to hand. There look out the
species. Write the name, and copy the specific charac-
ter into the blank leaves, which should be bound up with
this text-book at the end. Saving paged the blank
leaves, make a reference to the page wherein the spe-
cies is copied, immediately under the printed descrip-
tion of the last species. By this method the student will
have a description of his collection, arranged in a man-
ner to be as accessible as if it were all in print.

By pursuing this course a few seasons, each student
will be able to contribute considerably towards a system
of American Zoology. At present but a small propor-
tion of American animals, excepting those of a large
size, have been sought out. Insects, in particular, are
but little known. And sees Mr. Say is doing much 3

) 1

134 _ ZOOLOGICAL SPECIES.

without assistance, his life must be protracted to a very
advanced period to afford him time to complete the work.
But if every student will contribute his mite, by sending
Mr. Say duplicates of all undiscribed species, we shall
probably be in possession of a system, very nearly com-
_ plete, in a few years.

In writing descriptions, be particular to set down the
day of the month when collected, in what particular
situation found, and every thing known of the habits
and instincts. Such as under stones, under bark of
trees, in stagnant water, in running water, under the
skin of animals, making a vertical web, digging holes in
the earth, catching insects, &c. &c.

Though but few species are described in this book,
they will be found sufficient for a course of exercises.
All the known species in some genera, such as Aranea,;
&c. which are always accessible in every season of the
year, and all the varieties of some species, such as canis
familiaris, are described, for the purpose of exercising
students in the various kinds of analysis.

The following exercise is proposed for all students in
Zoology, until a system of American Zoology shall be pub
lished, embracing all the species.

After finding the generic name, and searching for the -
specific name without success, for want of a system cons
taining a description; give the specimen a specific name,
derived from Latin or Greek, expressive of its most
striking peculiarity. To this name annex a full descrip-
tion ; leaving out all that is contained in the generic de-
scription. This name is to be changed to that which has
been given by other naturalists, whenever it is ascer-
tained,

ACANTHUS, ACARUS. 135

By this exercise the student will acquire the habit of
accurate investigation, and will become as well acquaint-
ed with the science, as if he set down the righ€ name af -
first. If we know a man by a wrong name for some
time ; the memory is not at all embarrassed with the
wrong name, after we are enabled to substitute the right
one. Much pleasure and profit will be derived from a
comparison of our own descriptions with those we may
afterwards find in systematic works ; and we learn the
application of terms by this methed better than by any
other in use. ;

‘3

4—3. Acantuus. Spec. 1.
spinus, (barley-bird,) head black, neck and back
green, breast and throat greenish-yellow, belly
white, tail yellow beneath. Small. Fringilla

spinus of Lin.
See MS. P.

7—2. Acarus. Spec. about 100.

americanus, (tick,) obovate, ruddy, scutella and

_ joints of the legs white. A small insect on cat-

tle and horses.

-aphidioides, (red mite,) fore legs long ; abdomen
terminating in two horns; colour red. Small.
Tn decaying wood.

vicinus, (dog-tick,) globe-ovate, livid, a round
brown spot at the base.

siro, (cheese-mite,) whitish ; head and thighs rust-
colour ; abdomen bristly.

seabiei, (itch-mite,) white ; legs reddish ; 4 hind
ones with a long bristle.

136 ACARUS, ACTINA.

éelaris, (common mite,) greenish-yellow, with a
brown spot on each side of the abdomen. Small.
On hothouse and other sheltered plants.

destructor, (museum-thief,) ovate; tail with long —
bristles; feet with one each.

See MS. P.

4—6. Acipencer. Spec. 5.

sturio, (sturgeon,) nose obtuse, having four cirri
near the tip; nostrils near the eyes, eyes small ;
mouth beneath, some distance back of the end
of the nose, its length and breadth equal ; body
elongated, pentagonal, flat beneath, covered
above with rows of bony tubercles.

_ Futhenus, (sterlet,) nose strait, subulate, lips en-
tire, cirri near the mouth. Nose four times as
long as the diameter of the mouth.

stellatus, (koster,) nose spatulate, somewhat re-
curved ; cirri near the mouth, lips entire. Nose
six times as long as the transverse diameter of

the mouth.
See MS. P.

3—3. AcrocnorDUS. Spec. 1.
javensis, (warted or granulated snake,) back black,
belly whitish with black spots ; teeth in double
rows.
See MS. P.
142—1. Acrina. Spec. 23.
bellis, (sea-daisie,) body warty ; head resembling
the calyx of a flower ; tentacula retractile, va-
riegated.
ealendula, (sea-marigold,) stem subturbinate ;
disk surrounded by petal-form tentacula or
rays.
See MS. P.

ALAUDA, ALCEDO. 437

2—2. Auaupa. Spec. 33.

arvensis, (sky-lark,) two outermost quills of the
tail white lengthwise externally, the intermedi-
ate ones ferruginous on the inside. Males are
browner, with black collars, and sing. | |

pratensis, (tit-lark,) colour above is greenish-
brown ; two outermost tail-quills white exter-
naily ; las a white line on the eye-brows.—
Slender. Bill black.

campestris, (meadow-lark,) tail-quills brown,

~ lower half, except two intermediate quills, white ;
throat and breast yellow.

alpestris, (shore-lark,) tail-quills half-white on
the inside; throat yellow ; black stripe under
the eyes and on the breast.

rubra, (red-lark,) neck, breast and lower parts
redish ; space about the eyes black ; two out-
ermost tail-quills white.

See MS. P.
2—6. Auca. Spec. 12.

torda, (razor-bill awk,) four furrows on the bill ;
a white line on each side from the bill to the
eyes.

See MS. P.
2—2. <Atcrepo. Spec. 41.

cristata, (crested king-fisher,) tail short; sky-blue
above, redish beneath; crest undulated with
black. Bluish streak on the neck, beginning
near the eyes. Five inches long.

ispida, (common king-fisher,) tail short ; sky-blue
above, yellowish beneath, having reddish lores.
Seven inches long.

See MS, P.
¥*12

438 ALCYONIUM, AMPHITRITE.

13—2. Atcyonitum. Spec. 28.

gelatinosum, (sea-purse,) gelatinous, yellowish,
irregular.
agaricum, (sea-pen,) stem filiform; pileus reni-
form.
See MS. Pz,
4—4, Amira. Spec. 4.

clava, (bone-head,) dorsal-fin commences between

the pectoral and ventral and extends to the tail

fin, on which there is a black spot.
See MS. P.

4—i. AmmopyTes. Spec. 1.
fobianus, (sand launce,) silvery white with agreen-

ish back. Nine to twelve inches long.
See MS. P.

2—2. Ampetis. Spec. 11.
cotinga, (camelion-bird, woods-hen,) blue, beneath.
violet-blue ; wings and tail black.
garrulus, (chatterer,) crested; secondary quill-

feathers red-tipped.
See MS. P.

3—3. AMPHISBENA. Spec. 2.
alba, (cross-stripe snake,) white or yellowish-
white ; head short; eyes small; body-rings
223, tail 16. i
fuliginosa, body-rings 200, 30 on the tail; colour
variegated.
See MSP. -*

5S—1. AMPHITRITE. Spec. 8.

auricoma, (sandy-tube,) having a tube formed of

rounded grains of various colours,
See MS, P.

ANABLEPS, ANAS; | 439

4—4, Awnasuers. Spec. 1.

| etrophthalmus, (snub-nose,) nose truncate ; body
__ eylindric, covered with strong scales.
See MS. P.

4—1. ANARRHICAS. Spec. 3.

dupus, (sea-wolf,). brown, with dark coloured
bands ; fins mostly whitish.
See MS. P.

2—6. Awnas. Spec. 120.

cygnus, (wild swan,) bill semicylindric, black ;
cere yellow ; body white.

tadorna, (sheldrake,) bill knobbed at the base,
front compressed ; head greenish-black ; body
variegated with white..

spectabilis, (grey-head duck,) bill compressed at
the base, having a black feathery keel; head
hoary.

nigra, (black diver,) body totally black ; bill gib-
bose at the base.

marila, (scaup duck,) black; shoulders waved-
cinereous ; belly and a spot on the wings white.

anser, (common goose,) bill semicylindric ; body
cinereous above, pale beneath ; neck striate. In
wild flocks in Asia. By domestication it be-
comes white, pied and variously coloured, and
too thick and clumsy for flying to great distan-
Ges.

bernicla, (brent-goose,) brown; head, neck and
‘breast black ; collar white.

canadensis, (wifd-goose,) cinerious; head and
neck black; cheeks and chin white.

leucocephala, (blue-bill duck, white-head duck,)
bill broad ; tail feathers rigid, pointed, channel-
led, middle ones longer, .

440 ANAS, ANGUILLA.

elypeata, (shoveller,) end of the bill dilated, round-
ed, with an incurved nail. |

clangula, (goid-eye.) varied with black and white ;
head tumid, violet; large white spot at each
corner of the mouth.

perspicillata, \black duck,) black; crown and
nape white ; bill with a black spot behind the
nostrils.

acuta, (pin-tail,) tail pointed, long, black beneath ;
hind-head each side with a white line; back
cinereous, waved.

erecca, (common teal,) wing-spot green ; white
line above and beneath the eyes. Waing-spot
varies to brown and black.

caroliniensis, (american teal,) waved with black
and white; head and upper part of the neck
chesnut; throat spotted with black ; wing-spot
green ; line beneath the eyes and shoulder-arch
white.

fuscescens, (brown duck,) brownish ; head and _
neck paler; wings cinereous, spot blue, tipped
with white; tail dusky.

hoschas, mallard duck, common duck,) cinereous ;
middle tail feathers of the male (or drake,) re-
curvate; bill strait; collar white. Size and
colour varies by domestication.

obscura, (dusky duck,) brown, edged with yellow
beneath; wing-spot blue, with a transverse black
bar ; tail wedge-form, dusky, edged with white.

See MS. P. :
4—1,. ANGUILLA. Spec. 1.

vulgaris, (common eel, silver eel,) dorsal and cau-
dal fins united. Colour often. greenish above
- and of a silvery hue below; but its colour va-
ries according to its situation.
See MS. P.

ANGUIS, APHIS. 4414

3—3. Aneuis. Spec. 24.

ventralis, (slow-worm,) yellowish-green, speckled
with black above. Abdominal-scales 127.
See MS. P.
9—3. ANnomia. Spec. 40.

squamula, (scale-shell,) small, orbicular, entire,
thin like a fish-scale. Adheres to other shells.
tridentata, (paper-shell,) pellucid, yellowish, thin,
with fine transverse strie, tricuspidate, with tu-
bular points.
terebratula, (stone-shell,) shell obovate, smooth,
convex ; one valve with two plaits, the other
with three ; one beak prominent and perforate.
Most common of all petrifactions.
See MS. P.

1—6. ANOPLOTHERIUM. Spec. 2, extinct.

commune, (common aplothenium,) fore-feet con-
tained a small accessory toe.
mediun, (apiotherium,) hind-feet with two acces-
sory toes.
See VS. P.
i—7. ANnTeLopE. Spec. 29.

‘ Jeucophea, ‘blue antelope,) horns annular, recurv-
ed, roundish. Swift.
See MS. P.
13—2. AwntTipaTHos. Spec, 13.

fiabellum, (sea-fan,) flat, spread in an oval form.
Var. jfiava. colour yellow. Var. purpurea,
colour purple.
See MS. P.

8—7. Apnis. Spec. about 80.

brassice, (cabbage louse,) body green, covered
with mealy down; inhabiting plants of the ge-

44% APHRODYTA, ARANEA.

nus brassica. All the species of aphis, (called
plant-lice) are named by the genitive case of the
generic name of the plant upon men they are
found.

See MS. P.

5—2. ApuHropiTa. Spec. 9.

aculeata, (prickly slug,) prickly, oval; six of
eight inches long.
See MS. P.

8—9. Apis. Spec. about 180.

mellifica, (common honey-bee,) dusky ; abdomen
and escutcheon of the same colour ; a transverse
grey band, formed of down, from the base of the
third and following rings.

ferresiris, (earth humble- bee,) dark coloured, with
the hindmost extremity of the corslet, and the
hase of the abdomen, yellow ; the extremity of
the abdomen white. Make their nests in the
earth.

lapidaria, (stone-wall humble-bee,) female black,
with the extremity of the abdomen reddish,
wings colourless ; the male has the foreside of
the head and the extremities of the corslet yel-
low. Make their nests in walls and under
stones.

See MS. P.

2—6. ApTreNopyTA. Spec. 11.

patagonica, (penguin,) tail slate-coloured above,.
white beneath ; a yellowish cravat on the neck.
See MS. P.

7—1. Aranea. Spec. 124.

Remarks. The genus of spiders has attracted
much attention of modern naturalists. The num-

ARANEA, 443

ber and various arrangement of their eyes, their
remarkable instincts, and curious structure, inter-
est every nice observer. For these and other rea-
sons I insert all the species of Gmelin, according
to his arrangement. As some species may be ob-
tained at all times of the year, they afford perpetu-
al materials for the exercise of students in natural
history.

A. Eyes placed ::::

extensa, abdomen long, silvery-greenish ; legs
longitudinally extended. ‘The head, thorax,
and legs, arereddish ; the abdomen is greenish
down the back; the first pair of legs very long ;
the third very short.

pallens, pale testaceous ; mandibles ferruginous,
with black claws.

albidorsa, black and hairy ; abdomen obovate,
slender, two-horned ; thorax slender, compress-
ed laterally ; back of thorax and abdomen cov-
ered with white hairs ; the white ridge on the
abdomen interrupted. Found at Troy, N. Y.
I propose it as a new species because it is not
described iu Gmelin. It may be described by
other authors, which I have not seen. Eaton.*

lobata, abdomen evate, lobed, white, with double
brown lines at the tip.

longimana, ferruginous ; abdomen long, cylindric-
al, brown; the fore-legs very long, third pair
very short.

regia, villous, cinereous, with a yellow band on
the front ; the legs are spinous.

* As very few spiders have been examined and credited in this dis-
trict, I have spent afew hours this day (Sept. 15,) in examining those
Ffind about the Rensselaer School lot. Iinsert them as a beginning.

144 ARANBA.

virescens, green, with a black cylindrical abdo-
men ; the fore legs very long.

canciformis, abdomen globular, gibbous, with six
spines round the margin.

venatoria, gloss y-black, with a blackish hairy ab-
domen.

guttata, black ; abdomen rounded, and spotted
with red.

latens, black ; abdomen greyish, with a black in-
terrupted dorsal line. Small.

signata, greenish ; sides of the thorax black ; ab-
domen with two black lines.

mactans, abdomen ovate, black, with a scarlet
dorsal line. There is a variety whose abdo-
men is distinguished with two pair of scarlet
dots, and a tail.

cicurea, pale-red, with a cinereous ovate abdo-
men. .

bicornis, yellowish ; ihe abdomen is depressed,
with six impressed dots; the head is two-
horned.

mgrita, black ; abdomen with two testaceous dots
beneath. Middle sized.

cornuta, brown; abdomen oval, cylindrical above,
yellowish-white, with four pair of impressed
dots and four parallel gray lines behind. It is
about the size of a man’s fingers the legs are
long ; the thorax truncate on each side, and
ending in two small horns behind.

: B. Eyes placed “5 ‘ °

globosa, black ; abdomen globular, with crimson
sides. The ‘body i is very small; the abdomen
with an interrupted white band in the middle ;
the legs are black; the hind ones are the long-
est.

ARANEA: 145

CG. Eyes placed °°" *

iorrida, abdomen nearly triangular, the tip trun-
cate and obtuse, the four front legs are longest.
Has a retrograde motion; it is of a singular
form.

maxillosa, ferruginous, with a greenish abdomen ;
the legs are pale ; the mandibles large and pro-
jecting.

smaragdula, green ; abdomen paler, with a green
dorsal line at the base.

/atro, thorax villous, cinereous ; abdomen acute,
black, with ferruginous spots.

wiatica, brown, with a roundish flat obtuse abdo-
men ; four hind-legs very short. Small.

domestica, abdomen ovate, brown, with five black
and nearly contiguous, spots, the anterior ones
larger.

dorsata, green; abdomen brown on the back.

?estacea, testaceous ; the abdomen is subglobular,
dull-greenish.

trilineata, abdomen ovate, whitish, with three
longitudinal lines of blackish dots.

impressa, black ; abdomen ovate, with six im-
pressed dots, and two yellow dots beneath.

laevipes, abdomen rhomboid, depressed, and spot-
ted with black; the legs are extended and va-
riegated.

tricuspidata, greenish ; abdomen white, with a
reddish tail. Head, thorax, and legs, green-
ish; eyes, especially the latter ones, elevated.

D. Eyes placed .:::
argentata, abdomen white, and brown behind ;

the margin six-toothed ; thorax silvery, the mar-
| 13 ;

146 ARANEA.

zin of the abdomen is armed with three strong
spines on each side. |
E. Eyes placed *.:: .°
fasciata, silvery ; abdomen with a yellowish band ;
legs annulate with brown.
angulata, abdomen ovate, sides angular and acute
on the forepart ; the thorax has an excavated
centre. Web perpendicular, colour variable.
diadema, reddish-brown ; abdomen gibbous, and
marked with white drop-shaped spots in the
form of accross. Body varies much in colour
from a darker to a lighter reddish-brown ; the
legs are annulated with brown.
marmorea, brown ; abdomen ovate ; varied with
white and brown. Web on the ground; the
legs are yellow, annulated with brown.
yeticulata, abdomen globular, reticulate, above
purplish, clouded with brown.
cucurbitina, abdomen subglobular, yellow, with a
few black dots. Web lax.
cayana, abdomen globular, pale yellowish.
octo-punctata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with
four black raised dots on each side; tail rufous,
Tt is thought by some writers not to belong to
this division.
bi-punctata, abdomen globular, black, with two
hollow dots.
riparia, abdomen ovate, black-bronze ; tail pale-
yellow, and two-horned.
guadrata, abdomen sub-globular, yellowish-ru-
fous, with a white line at the base and four
spots.
hturata, testaceous ; abdomen pale black, witha
white margin and marks.

ARANEA. 147

quadri-punctatc, abdomen oblong ; the back black

and flat with four excavated dots.

militaris, black ; with four spines, the hind ones
longer and spreading.

spinesa, back with eight spines, the two hind ones
spreading ; abdomen conic beneath; body brown
triangular.

aculeata, back with six spines, the hind ones
spreading.

éetracantha, abdomen globular, with four spines
round the margin ; head and thorax ferrugin-
ous ; abdomen with impressed dots at the base.

hescacantha, abdomen transverse, with six spines
round the abdomen.

jomicata, sides of the abdomen a little vaulted,
with two spines, the posterior ones the longest.

labarinthica, abdomen ovate, brown, with a whit-
ish pinnate line. Web horizontal on the ground,
with a cylindric cavity.

quadri-lineata, abdomen roundish, yellow, with a
purplish line on each side, and four dots. Hya-
line with a yellow front.

redimita, abdumen oval, pale-yellow, with a crim-
son oval crown or ring on the back. Legs long,
white, and transparent.

corollata, abdomen oval, black, with a white oval
ring on the back.

montana, abdomen oval, white, with grey spots ;
thorax and legs pale; fore-legs long and ex-
tended.

$anzuinolenta, abdomen ovate and scarlet, with a
longitudinal black line.

nigra, abdomen ovaie, and scarlet above.

notata, abdomen ovate, brown, with white trans-
verse curved lines.

148 ARANEA.

eufipes, abdomen brown ; legs rufous.

nocturna, abdomen black, with two whiie dets,
and a white lunule at the base.

sex punctata, abdomen oblong, with three pair of
excavated dots.

palustris, thorax and abdomen with a snowy line
on each side; tip of the therax before the eyes
ends ina white line.

aquatica, brown; abdomen ovate, cinereous 3 the
back brown with two impressed dots. ‘Dives
in search of food. Jaws large, ene black,
with scarlet nails.

obscura, abdomen sub-conic, dusky, with a whit-
ish dorsal line.

scalaris, thorax testaceous; abdomeu snowy on
the back, with an oblong indented snowy spot
at the tip.

trigutta, yellowish; abdomen black, with three
white spots.

Scorpiformis, black; abdomen whitish, with two
black lines ; fore-legs very long. Small and
retrograde.

carnifex, ferruginous ; abdomen grey, with a dor-
sal line. |

flavissima, abdomen cblong, of a fine rich yellow
colour, and smooth. |

himaculata, abdomen roundish, chesnut-brown
colour, with two white dots. Less than a flea.

éruncorum, black, with white dots on the back.
it springs to a great distance on its prey.

rupestris, abdomen with a black spot, edged with
red, with white in the. middle. Springs on its
prey.

virescens, abdomen oblong, yellow-green, with la-
teral white lines.

ARANEA. 149

spinipes, pale, with spinous legs. A variety has
spinose legs with ferruginous joints.

opilionordes, grey with very long and extremely
slender legs. Web lax irregular, the threads
cross each other ; gregarious.

osbecku, pale-yellow ; abdomen with impressed
dots in pairs, with an odd one; the fore-legs
are longer.

wilku, varied with black and grey ; legs cinereous,
‘annulated with black ; the hinder ones are
shorter ,

speciosa, thorax grey, with two brown spots ; the
abdomen is oval-oblong, with transverse black
curves ; beneath it is reticulated with black,
with two yellow bands. A very beautiful spe-
cles,

F. Eyes placed.:..

clavipes, abdomen oblong, yellow, dotted with
white ; all the shanks, except the third pair,
clavated and hairy.. Web strong, spreading ; a
beautiful species.

saccata, abdomen ovate, rusty brown. Carries its
bag of eggs behind it. Under stones about
Troy, New-York.

Jumegata, abdomen ovate, brown, with two white
dots at the base.

i

G. Eyes placed: |:

jimbriata, black ; abdomen oblong, with a white
line on each side.

dorsalis, black ; thorax compressed, with a whit-
ish dorsal line; abdomen ovate, whitish at the
base ; the legs are livid. Found in Sept. at
Troy, New-York.

#13

456 ARANEA»

sanguinalenta, black ; abdomen red, with a black
dorsal line.

pupilluta, testaceous.; abdomen brown on the back,
with subocellar fulvous spots.

scenica, black ; abdomen subcylindrical, with three
semicircular white lines oneach side. Body
covered with silvery hair; legs short, hairy.
black and white.

chlorolaba, black ; long black and white hairs dis-
tributed over the body and legs ; abdomen
ovate, with three orange or yellowish lunulate
spots on the posterior part of the back ; legs
with yellowish bands; mandibles bright green.
Builds a kind of membranaceous cot under
stones, about Troy, N. York. I propose this
as a new species; because it is not in Gmelin.
Raton.

fulvate, black ; hind margin of the thorax fulv-
ous; abdomen with three fulvous bands.

pubescens, abdomen ovate, brown, with four cine-

- reous spots, the hind ones larger.

cinerea, cinereous ; abdomen brown on the back :
with eight cinereous dots.

trilineata, brown 3 thorax with paler margin, and

lateral dorsal line ; abdomen ovate, cinereous,

beneath brown. |

tarantula, abdomen with triangular black spots on
the back ; the legs are spotted with black.
Large.

H. Eyes placed +:

avicularia, thorax orbicular, convex with a trans-
verse central excavation. So enormous that its
fangs are equal to the talons of a hawk; and
its eyes are used as microscopes.

ARANEA. 454

I. Eyes placed ..::..

pulchra, oval-oblong ; thorax white, villous, ab-
domen and legs black, with yellow bands.—
Very common at Troy, New-York, in August
and September. Web vertical, in concentric
polygons attached to numerous rays; rebuilt
daily in fair weather, or chiefly renewed.

K. yes placed

goezil, black ; abdomen ovate ; front white. The
abdomen is marked with two impressed dots.

L. Eyes placed .. *

truncata, grey, ferruginous, slightly clouded ; tho-
rax globular, and slightly heart-shaped; the ab-
domen is something triangular and marked
ae obsolete longitudinal cross, (syn. angu-
jata.

M. Eyes placed :***:

conica, abdomen ovate, obscurely conic behind, va-
ried with brown and whitish, and black beneath.
Common in Sept. at Troy, N. York. Web in
corners, horizontal, dense, intangled and perma-
nent ; with a cylindrical retreat.

albifrons, hairy ; body ovate and variegated with
black and chesnut-brown.
O. Eyes placed *:::

éaurus, abdomen fiat, with two very long recurved
spines.

452 ARANEA.

arcuata, brown; abdomen with six spines, the
middle ones curved and six times as long as the
body. Small. |
maculata, thorax silvery ; abdomen cylindrical ;
legs very long and black. : 4
pilipes, brown; abdomen cylindrical with silvery
lines ; legs very long and hairy. Large. _
myropa, greenish ; abdomen red on the back, with
‘a few black dots ; the sides are yellowish ; the
ymandibles are tipped with black ; the thorax
with two darker lines ; abdomen ovate, pubes-
cent 3 textorial papille tipped with black ; legs
long, pale greenish ; the fore-shanks tipt with
black. A beautiful species. 7
Jongipes, black; abdomen cylindrical, brown,
with six impressed dots ; the legs are very long.
rufipes, ferruginous 3. abdemen ovate, pale cinere-
ous ; legs rufous..
senoculata, abdomen greenish, with black dots,
and a yellow line on the sides. ie |
scopulorum, abdomen brown, with a pennate white-
dorsal line. |
lusea, pale ; abdomen silvery, with black branch:
ed lines. : ;
parallela, brown ; sides of the thorax and abdomen
white ; mandibles projecting and parallel.
scrofa, hairy, brown; abdomen semil-orbicular 3.
mandibles black, exerted, and hooked at the
tips. Size of a pigeon egg.
bicoinis, abdomen two-horned.
easpia, thorax sub-globular ; abdomen oblong, va-
ried with yellow and black bands.
argentea, thorax orbicular, depressed, white, with.
two black fillets ; abdomen is ovate, lobed, sil-.

ARANEA, ARCA, 153

very, with two pair of dots in the middle, and
four rows behind. Web perpendicular.

P. Number and position of the eyes unknown.
nobillis, thorax orange, with six black spots ; ah-
domen yellow, with seven black spots.
calceata, hairy, grey; legs with two black spots
at the tip above, beneath silky, with a green
gloss. Very large.
holosericea, abdomen ovate-oblong, silky livid
brown, with two yellow tubercles beneath.
spuumobilis, abdomen roundish, yellowish brown,
with four rows of blackish dots; thighs with
black movable spines.
cruentata, black, with a yellow band at the base
of the abdomen ; ; the breast is of a deep red.
sex-cuspidatu, brown; back of the thorax six
toothed, witha as Al fulvous spot.
hurtipes, black : ? ers and legs hairy, and pale
testaceous.
tribulus, head he toothed on the forepart ; ab-
domen covered with numerous spines.
elegans, black, with two white curves on the fore-
-part of the therax, and a white dorsal line on
the abdomen.
ocellata, pale; abdomen clouded, with a black
ring ; the thighs are marked with three doable
ocellate spots.
alba, white ; abdomen with five impressed dots ;
two-horned and depressed at the base, and elo-
bular at the tip.
See MS. P.

9—4. Arca. Spec. 36.
no@, (noah’s ark,) oblong, striate, tip emarginate 5.

beaks very remote ; mar gin gaping.
See MSs, P,

154 ARCTOMYS, ARDEA.

4—4. Arcromys. Spec. 11.

monax, (marmot,) ears short, round ; nose bluish ;
tail longish, hairy ; body grey.

empetra, (canadian marmot,) ears short, round ;
tail hairy ; body mixed grey above, orange be-
neath. About 11 inches long. Very gentle but
hisses.

alpinus, tail short ; colour greyish-yellow, becom-
ing ash-coloured towards the head. About the
size of a rabbit, and inhabiting high mountains,
near the limits of perpetual snow.

See MS. P.

2—5. ARpdEA. Spec. 87.
Section A. Head bald.

canadensis, (brown crane, ) forehead naked, papil-
lose ; body cinereous ; wings testaceous on the
outside. Three feet long.

rus, (common crane,) hind-head naked, papil-
lose ; cap and quill-feathers black 5; bedy cine-
reous ; tail-feathers Jagged. 5 feet long.

americana, (hooping crane,) crown, nape and na-
ked temples papillose ; front, nape and prima-
ry quill-feathers black ; body white. 4 feet 6
inches long.

Section B. Middle claw serrate inwardly.

major, (common heron,) hind-head with long pen-
dant crest ; body cinereous ; line on the neck
beneath the pectoral bar black. Head of female
smooth.

stellaris, (heron,) head smoothish ; body testaceous
above with transverse spots, paler beneath,

with oblong brown spots.
See MS, P.

ARGENTINA, ASCIDIA. 155

4—4, ARGENTINA. Spec 4.

rarolina, (argentine,) anal fin with fifteen rays,
See MS. P.

9—4. ARGUNANTA. Spec. 5.

argo, (ancient nautilus,) keel or ridge of the shell
slightly toothed each side.
See MS. P.
4i—1. Ascaris. Spec. 78.

lumbricoides, (human lumbricus, bowel-worm,) bo-
dy long, smooth, cylindrical, tapering to both
ends, with three protuberances at the fore end,
and a depressed band around the body. Infests
the human intestines; most frequently in young
persons. From four to ten inches in length.
vermicularis, (thread-worm,) body filiform ; fore
end with three papille or vesicles ; whole ru-
gose, pellucid, annular ; tail commences at an
aperture, and is two-thirds of the whole length.
The whole worm is about half an inch in length.
They originate in the lower part of the alimen-
tary canal ; but often extend up to the stomach
and penetrate all parts adjoining the intestines.
A person may have several thousands of them,
and still remain for a season in tolerable health,
Remarks. Animal oil mixed with spirits of
turpentine, administered in small quantities, ac-
companied with tonics, is the French practice
in removing both species.
See MS. P.
9—1. Ascipi1a. Spec. 34.

rustica, (spirting jelly,) oblong, brownish with
flesh-coloured apertures; extremities rough,
middle smooth.
See MS. P.

{56 ASILUS, BALZENA.

S—i2. Asitus. Spec 48.

estuans, (hornet-fly,) cinereous, having the three
last segments of the body white.
estivus, cinereous, having three black fines on the
thorax ; legs dark coloured ; shanks testaceous.
See MS. P.

40—1,. ASTERIAS.. ,Spec.: Sie
aculeata, (sea-star,) rays five; disk orbicular,
covered with glabrous prickles.
aranciaca, rays somewhat depressed and prickly
along the margin; disk broad.
caput meduse, (medusa’s head,) five rays perpetu-
ally bifurcaie into numerous branches.
See MS. P.

4-4, ATHERINA.. Spec. 5.
menidia, (silver-fish,) anal fin 24-rayed ; body
small, pellucid, spotted.
See MS. P.
8—5. ATTELABUS. Spec. 37.

pensylvanica, black ; shells reddish, with a black
band in the middle and at the tip.
See MS. P.

B.
14—1. Bacriuarria. Spec. 1.

paradoxa, (straw-threads,) perpetually changing

its appearance, so that it might at one moment

be taken for a different species from that of the

preceding moment.

See MS. P.
1—8. Batzena. Spec. 8.

mysticetus, (common whale,) nostrils flexuous, on
the forepart of the head; dorsal fin none. 1 Var.

BALENA, BLENNEUS. 457

black. 2 Var. large spiracle. From 50 to 100
feet long. North seas.

physalus, (fin-whale,) spiracles double on the mid-
dle of the forepart of the head; a soft fin at the
extremity of the back. 4 feet long. ‘Temperate
zone.

Joops, (pike-head whale,) spiracles double on the
snout; a horny protuberance at the end of the
back. 46 feetlong. North seas,

gibbosa, (bunched whale,) back gibbose ; dorsal
fin none. 1 Var. one bunch on the back. 2 Var.
six bunches on the back. United States coast.

snusculus, (round-lip whale,) spiracles double on
the forehead ; under jaw very broad. 78 feet
long. Norwegian seas.

rostrata, (beaked whale,) nose elongated to a peak:
dorsal fin fat. 25 feet long. Norwegian seas.

See MS. P.
4—5. Bauisres. Spec. 24.

-emericana, (prickle-fish.) dorsal and ventral rays
very low, second dorsal fin and triangular anal
one larger.

See MS. P.
8—6. Buiattra. Spec. 42.

orientalis, (common cock-roach,) yellowish-brown,
without spots ; wing-cases abbreviated, with
an oblong groove.

americana, (sugar cock-roach,) ferruginous; shield
of the thorax whitish behind.

See MS. P.

| 4—2. Buennevus. Spec. 18.

phycis, (hake,) nostrils subcrested ; lower lip with
a cirrus ; back with two fins.

See MS, P.
14

158 BOA, BOS,

3-—-3. Boa. Spec. 14.

constrictor, (speckled giant-snake,) plates of the
belly about 240, of the tail 60. Often 36 feet
long.
See MS. P.

4—3. Bopianus. Spec. 45.

serranus, (sea-perch,) having prickly apercules.
See MS. P.

8—12. Bompy.iius. Spec. 9.

major, (humming-fly,) black, with thick yellowish
down; wings with a broad sinuate black outer
margin. Antenne united at the base.
zegualis, body covered with cinereous hairs, with a
broad equal black outer margin. Antenne
united at the base.
See MS. P.

i—7, Bos. Spec. 9.

taurus, (ox, bison,) horns round, turning outwards
from their origin ; having lax dewlaps or fold-
ed skin before the breast. Var. d¢son, horns
bent forward; back gibbous, having a long
mane.

americanus, (spanish ox,) horns round, distant,
pointing outwards ; mane long, woolly ; back
gibbous. |

bubulus, (buifalo,) horns resupinate, turned in-
wards, flat on the foreside.

moschatus, (musk ox,) horns approaching at the
base, broad, bent inward and backward ; tips

bent outwards and pointed.
See MS. P.

BRACHIONUS, BULLAs 159

14—1. Bracuionus. Spec. 12.

urceolaris, (shell-jelly,) bell-form, with the shell
many-toothed at the tip and rounded at the
base ; tail long, bifid at the end.
See MS. P.

1—5. ayes Spec. 3.
tridactylus, (three-toed sloth,) feet 3 or 4-toed.
didactylus, fore feet with two toes ; tail none.
pentadactylus, feet with five toes ; tail short.

. See MS. P.
8—5. Brucuus. Spec. 27.

pist, (pea-bug,) shells black, spotted with white ;
tail white with two black dots. Very destruct-
ive to fields of pease.
See MS. P.

2—3. Bucco. Spec. 17.
tumatia, (barbet,) tawny-brown ;_ tawny-white
beneath, spotted with black. Inhabits torrid.
zone, like most of the species.
See MS. P.
§9—4. Buccinium. Spec. 190.
stromboides, (conk-whelk,) shell glabrous with
distinct whorls; lip prominent ; base obliquely
striate ; shell yellowish-brown.
See MS. P.
2—2. Buceros. Spec. 16.

hicornis, (hornbill,) front bony, flat, two-horned at
the forepart. Size of common hen.
See MS. P.

9—4. Burra. Spec. 50.
ampulla, (hbubbie-shell,) rounded, obtuse at one

160: BULLA, CALLIONYMUS»

end; crown umbilicate. 2 or 3 inches long.
In sea. .

fontinalis, (river bubble-shell,) ovate, pellucid,
with an obsolete spire; whorls turning from
right to left; aperture ovate-oblong. One
fourth of an inch long.

See MS. P.
2—2. Burpnaca. Spec. 1.

africana, (beef-eater,) brown. above ; beneath and
the rump yellowish ; 8 or 9 inches long.
See MS. P.
8—5. Buprestis. Spec. 125.

rustica, (gold-bug,) shells emarginate, striate ;
body bright greenish-gold colour.
See MS. P.
| 14—2. Bursaria. Spec. 3.
éruneatella, ventricose, truncate at the top. In
marsh water.
See MS. P.

8—5. Byrruvus. Spec. 13.

jitula, brown ; shells with black interrupted striz.
See MS. P.

C.
3—3. CzxciLa. Spec. 2.

tentacuiata, wrinkles of the body 135; none on.
the tail. 12 inches leng; one-third of an inch
diameter.
See Ms. P.

4—2. Catuionymus. Spec. 7.

fyra, (dragonet,) first ray of the first dorsal-fin as

Jong as the body; 412 inches long.
See MS. P.

CAMELOPARDALIS, CANCER. 464

i—7. CAMELOPARDALIS. Spec. 1.

suaffa, (giraffe-camel,) whitish-tawny, with scat-
tered rusty spots ; horns short, blunt.
See MS. P.
1—7. Came us.. Spec. 7.
dromedarius, (arabian camel,) back-bunch single ;
8 feet and a half high.
hactricanus, (bactrian camel,) back-bunches two.
lama, (lama camel.) bunch on the breast ; back
smooth. 4 feet 6 inches high.
Auanacus, ep enece,) body hairy ; back gibbous ;
tail erect. 4 feet 3 inches high. Eatable.
arcucanus, (peru camel,) body woolly, smooth ;
nose turned upward ; tail pendulous. Resem-
blesa sheep. HKatable.
wicugna, (andes camel,) body woolly, smooth; nose
flat, blunt ; tail erect. Wool soft, fine and
silky. .
pato, (purple camel,) no bunches ; body woolly ;
nose oblong. Wool iong and coarse.
See MS. P.

6—1. Cancer. Spec. about 300.

pagurus, (eatable crab,) thorax with nine obtuse
lates at each side; pincers of the hand-claw
black at the tip.
pisum, (pea-crap,) thorax orbicular obtuse ; tail as
large as the body. Found in muscels about the
size of a pea.
gammarus, (eatable lobster,) thorax smooth ;_pro-
boscis toothed at the sides, with a gable tooth.
at the base, on each side ; hands smooth.
See MS. P.
¥A4.

462 CANCROMA, CANIS.

2—5. ©ancroma. Spec. 2.

cochlearta, (boat-bill,) crested ; ash-colour, having
a black crown and lunule en. the neck.
See MS. P.
i—3. Canis. Spec. 21.

jamiiarts, (dog,) tail recurvate, inclining to the
Veit.
See MS, P.
Varieties, 34.
i. Shepherd dog. lars erect; tail woolly be-
neath.
2. Wolf dog. Hair of the head longs; ears
erect; tail much curved on the rump.
3. Siberian dog. Ears. erect ; hair all long.
4. Iceland dog. Ears erect with pendulous tips ;
hair long, except on the snout.
§. Water dog. Hair long, curled, appearing
like a sheep. oe
§. Dwarf water dog. Hair long, curled ; around
_ the ears it is long, hanging down.
7. King Charles dog. Head smallish, rounded,
snout short; tail curved back.
8. Spaniel dog. Ears long, woolly, penduleus.
9. Maltese dog. Hair soft, silky, very long.
40. Lion dog. Very small; hair on the belly
and tail shorter. /
44. Danish dog. Ears smail, sub-pendulous :
snout small, acute ; legs slender.
42. False pug-dog. Ears small, sub-pendulous ;
nose thick, flatish.
48. Pug-dog. Nose crooking upwards; ears
pendulous ; body square.
44. Bull-dog. Sides of the lips pendulous; body
‘wobust, and about the size of a woil.

CANIS.. 162:

15. Mastiff. Very large ; sides of the lips pen- .
dulous; body robust.

46, German hound. Ears pendulous ; a spurious.
claw on the hind feet.

47, Commonhound. Ears pendulous ; a spurious
claw on the hind-feet, whitish, or white with
spots.

18. Blood-hound. Any hound that is very saga-
cious in pursuit.

19. Pointer. Tail truncate, spotted.

20. Barbet. ‘Tail truncate, hair long, coarse.

21. Gaunt grey-hound. Head long; snout ro-
bust; ears smali, sub-pendulous.; legs long,.
stout ; body long, slender.

22. Irish greyhound. Body curved ; snout nar-
rowing ; size of a mastiff.

23. ‘Turkish greyiound. Body curved ; snout
taperiug ; hair a little curled ; size of.a mastiff.

24. Commen greyhound. Body curved; snout
tapering ; size of a wolf.

25.. Rough greyhound. Body curved ; snout ta-
pering ;. hair longer, curled ;. size of a wolf.

26. Italian greyhound. Body curved ; snout ta-
pering ; small. |

27. Naked dog. Body nearly destitute of hair ;
mostly small.

28. Oriental dog. Tall, slender; ears pendulous;
hair on the tail hanging down very long.

29. Lurcher. Body narrow; legs stout; tail.
strong, strait ; hair short, thick-set.

30. Rough lurcher. Body narrow; legs stout ;.
tail thick, strait; hair long, rough.

31. Bear lurcher. Head and snout thick; body
narrow behind ; feet long; hair long, rough..

164 CANIS,.

32. Turnspit. Legs short ; body long, often spot-
ted. The feet are strait or curved ; hair varies
in length, and is strait or curled.

33. Alco dog. Head small; ears pendulous ;
back curved 5 tail short; size of a maltese dog.
It is sometimes very fat, neck short, belly large.

34, New-Holland dog. ‘Tail bushy, pendulous ;
ears short, erect ; snout pointed.

Remarks. ‘These are all the distinct varie-
ties recognized by. Linneus, his editors and
translator. These, however, are variously in-
termixed’; so that it is impossible ever to give a
catalogue of all the intermediate shades of char-
acter among dogs. [ insert these varieties as a
specimen of the effects of domestication, for the
instruction of students in Natural History.

Iupus, (wolf,) tail bent inwards, bushy, pendulous,
black at the tip. Nose pointed, ears erect,
sharp, head and neck cinereous ; body pale-
brown, tinged with yellow. Colour of the hair
differs in differentcountries. In France yellow,
in Russia white, in Canada and Northern states
often dark brown, at the Cape of Good Hope
grey and striped.

aureus, (jackal,) tail strait, body pale tawny ; ears
short, erect, pointed ; tail tapering both ways,
tipped with black.

/yeaon, (black fox,) tail strait; body black 5 hairs

_ often silvery at the tip.

- vulpes, (commen fox,) tail strait, tipped with white ;
body tawny ; lips white.

virginianus, (grey fox,) tail strait; body whitish-
ash. .

crucigera, (crossed fox,) tawny ; a black cross on
the shoulders ; fur thick, soft.

CANIS, CAPRIMULGUS. 165

australis, (australis, tail bushy, hanging down, tip-
ped with white ; ears short, erect, pointed..
See MS. P.

8—5. CantTuanris. Spec. 100.

livida, body entirely testaceous.
See MS. P.

1—7. Capra. Spec. 3.

aegagrus, (goat,) horns keeled, arched backward 3
throat bearded. Variety, domestica, horn with
an outward curvature at the end. VY. angora;
hair long, soft, silky. V.syriaca, horns reclin-
ed, ears pendulous; chin bearded. V. africana,
horns short, depressed, reclining on the skull.
V. whidawia, horns erect, turns forward at the
ends. V.capricorna, horns short, turned for-
ward at the tips, annulate at the sides.

eaucasica, (caucasian goat,) horns turned back-
ward and outward, verging inwards at the tipsy.
slightly triangular, knotty behind. >

See MS. P.

2—2. CaprimuLcus. Spec. 19.

europeus, (night-hawk, goat-sucker.) black, varied

with cinereous, brown, ferruginous and white 3

beneath reddish-white with brown bands. Ten

inches long.
virginianus, (whip-poor-will,) brown, transversely
varied with greyish brown and somewhat cine-
reous ; beneath reddish white, transversely
streaked ; chin with a triangular white spot 5
area of the eyes and neck abeve spotted with
orange. 8inches long. Its night song is monoto-
nous, but very agreeable to those whose child-
hood has been spent among them.

See MS. P..

6466 CARABUS, CAVIR. 5

8—5. Caraxzus. Spec. 365.
eyanus, no under wing ; black with a violet gloss ;
elytra with rough confluent dots.
See MS. P.

9—3. Carpium. Spec. 52.

edule, (eatable cockle,) shell of an old appearance,
with about 28 depressed ribs, and obsolete re-
curved scales. Shell whitish with a bluish or
yellowish cast. In sandy beach.
See MS. P.

11—2. CaryvopuyLieus. Spec. 1.

piscium, (pink-worm,) body clay-colour, rounded
behind, broad before. An inch long. In the
intestines of fish.
See MS. P.

8—5. Cassipa. Spec. 84.

viridis, green ; body black; thorax entire.
See MS. P.

1—4. Castor. Spec. 2.

fiber, (beaver,) tail ovate, fiat, naked ; ears short,
covered with fur ; hair soft, short, dasky. Two
or three feet long.

fuidobrius, (chilese beaver, )tail compressed, lance-
olate, hairy; fore feet lobed, hind feet palmate.
See MS. P.

i—4. Cavia. Spec. 7.

cobaya, (guinea-pig,) tail none ; variegated with
white and tawney or black ; body thick, neck

_ shot. About 12 inches long

See MS. P.

CELLEPORA, CERCARIA. 167

43—2. CeLvtepora. Spec. 8.

pumicosa, (cellepore,) irregular, brittle, erect, with
gibbous, mucronate, crowded cells.
See MS. P.

13—2. CerLiuLtarta. Spec. 1.

salicornia, (samphire coral,) articulations cylin-
dric, hollow within ; pitts over the whole sur-
face arranged in fives.
See MS. P.

4—5. Centriscus. Spec. 3.
scolopax, (snipe-fish,) body scaly, rough 3 tail

?
strait, extended. 6 or 8 inches long.
See MS. P.

4—5. CerpuHarus. Spec. {.

mola, (round sunfish,) unarmed, rough, compress-
rounded ; dorsal and anal fins connected ; spi-
racles oval. Var. oblongus, has moonform spi-
racles; body oblong.
See MS. P.

4—3. Crpouta. Spec. 8.

faenia, (tape-fish, ) caudal fin tapering, wedgeform 5
head very obtuse. 4 to5 feet long.
‘See MS. P.

8—5. Cerampyx. Spec. 470.

edilis, (goat-horn,) thorax spinous, with four pale-
yellow dots ; elytra or shells obtuse, grey,
shaded with brown ; antenne very long.
See MS. P.

14—2. Cerrcarta. Spec. 13.

mutabilis, (cameleon scum,) changeable, red or
green, cylindric ; tail pointed, somewhat bifid.
See MS. P.

168 CERTHIA, CHETODON.

2—2. Certuia. Spec. 78.

familiaris, (creeper,) grey, beneath white ; quill-
feather brown, tea of them with a white spot,
See MS. P.

1—7. Cervus. Spec. 11.

alces, (moose, elk,) horns palmate, with short
beams or none ; throat carunculate ; ears long,
large, upright, slouching ; upper lip hanging
over the mouth ; neck short, slouching, with an
upright mane; tail short.

elephas, (stag,) horns branched, round, recuryate ;
body tawny above, whitish beneath.

tarandus, (rein-deer,) horns branched, round, re-
curvate ; summits palmate. Casts its horns in
November. ‘Three or four feet high; used for
drawing sledges. Brown above, white beneath.

dama, (fallow-deer,) horns branched, recurved,
compressed ; summit palmate. Colour varies
by domestication from red to white. Lives 20
years. Females hornless.

virginianus, (auwerican deer,) horns branched, turn-
ed forward, somewhat palmate. ‘Taller than
the fallow deer, and brighter coloured. |

mexicanus, (mexican deer,) horns three-forked at
the tip, turned forward ; body tawney.

capreolus, (roe,) horns branched, round, erect,
summits bifid ; body brown.

See MS. P.

4—3. CumTopon. Spec. 70.

alepidotus, tail bifid; dorsal spines 3 ; ventral
fins none.
See MS. P.

CHAMA, CHRYSIS. 169

9—3. Cuama. Spec. 28.

gigas, (giant-shell,) shell plaited, with arched
scales ; posterior slope gaping. The largest of
all shells. The two valves including the ani-
mal is said to weigh above five hundred pounds.
There is one valve of vast size now in the Alba-
ny museum.

antiquata, shell subcordate, longitudinally groov-
ed, and transversely striate.

See MS. P.
2—5. CHARARDRIUS. Spec. 33.

hiaticulus, (plover,) breast black ; front blackish,
with a white band ; crown brown; legs yellow.
See MS. P.
S—7. Cnermes. Spec. 33.
graminis, (grass-gall,) on grasses.

Remark. All the species are: named by the
genetive of the generic name of the plant on
which they make the gall.

See MS. P.
4—5. CuHimarrs. Spec. 2.
monstrosa, (sea-monster,) snout with porous folds
beneath.
See MS. P.
9—2. Cuiron. Spec. 28.
tuberculatus, shell seven-valved, thickly set with
short hairs.
See MSz P.
8—9. Cnurysis. Spec. 31.

he amy (golden-fly,) green ; tail six-toothed.
blue. |
See MS. P.
15

170 CHRYSOMELA, CLUPEA;

8—5. Curysomena. Spec. 340,

tenebricosa, no under wing, oval, black ; antenne
and legs violet.
See MS. P.

8—5. CicinpELA. Spec. 60.

campestris, (tiger-insect,) greenish-gold colour ;
shells with six white dots.
See MS. P.

8—7; CfcapA. Spec. 296.

septendecim, (american locust, ) black ; wing-caps
whitish with a yellowish rib. ,
See MS. P.
S—7. Crmex. Spec, 823.

lectularius, (house-bug, bed-bug,) wingless ; body
ferruginous.
See MS. P.

9—1i. Curro. Spec. 6.

yramidata, sheath triangular, pyramidal ; mouth
obliquely truncate.
See MS. P.

4—4. Cruprea. Spec. 15.

harengus, (herring,) body without spots ; lower
jaw longer.

sprattus, (sprat, box-herring, ) dorsal fin 17-rayed ;
belly strongly serrate.

alosa, (european shad,) sides with round black
spots placed longitudinally ; gill-covers striate :
snout bifid.

sapidissima, (american shad, ) no spots on the sides ;
snout entire. About eighteen inches long.

pseudo harengus, (american herring,) body ash-

CLUPEA, COLPODA. 174

colour above, inclining to dull greenish-blue ;
sides and belly silvery; no spots on the sides ;
under jaw a little longest.

See MS. P.

4.—4. Cosiris. Spec. 6.
fenia, (groundling,) cirri six; a forked spine un-
der each eye.
heteroclita, (mudfish,) head without cirri; dorsal
and anal fins spotted with white ; tail barred

with black.
See MS. P.

8—5. CoccineLLa. Spec 164.

heptapunctata, (tooth-ache lady-bug,) wing-cases
red with seven black dots. Said to cure the
tooth-ache, by mashing it between the fingers -
and then applying it to the tooth.

Remarks. ‘Twenty-eight species of this genus
are distinguished by the number of dots on the
elytra or shell wings ; and named by prefixing a
latin numeral expressive of the number of dots, to
punctata.
peaseee ese YP.

8—7. Coccus. Spec. 46.

cacti, (cochineal,) body depressed, downy, trans-
versely wrinkled ; abdomen purplish ; legs
short, black ; antennez subulate, a third shorter
than the body. The female is the cochineal of
the shops; which when ground is sold under

the name carmine.
See MS. P.

14—1. CoLtpopa. Spec. 7.

meleagris, (turkey feather,) changeable; fore part
hooked, hind part folded up.
See MS. P.

172 COLIUS, COLYMBUS.

2—2. Cotivs. Spec. 1.

capensis, (coly,) exterior tail-feathers white out-
side ; body cinereous whitish beneath.
See MS. P.
3—3. CoLuser. Spec. 176.
vipera, (egyptian viper,) subferruginous, spotted
with brown ; beneath whitish ; tail short, mu-
cronate. About sixteen inches long. Supposed
to be the.asp of Cleopatra.
constrictor, (black snake,) shining black, body
long and slender; abdominal scales 186, cau-
dal 92.
Remark. Most of our snakes are of this genus.
See MS. P.

2—4, CoLumBa. Spec. 82.

migratoria, (common pidgeon,) orbits naked, san-
guineous ; body cinereous ; breast rusty red.
caroliniensis, (mourning dove,) body reddish-cine-
reous, reddish beneath ; orbits blue.
canadensis, (american turtle-dove,) body greyish-
brown, whitish beneath ; primary quill-feathers
yellowish at the tip; tail feathers white at the
apex. 12 or 13 inches long.
See MS. P.

2—6. Co.iymbus. Spec. 25.
gtacialis, (loon, speckled diver,) head and neck
violaceous black ; a white interrupted band on
the chin and upper part of the neck. Some-
times three feet long.
eristatus, (grebe,) fuscous, white beneath ; head
rufous ; collar black ; secondary quill-feathers
white. About 23 inches long. ne
See MS. P.

COMEPHROUS, CORVUS. 173

4—1. ComepHrous. Spec. 1.

baicalensis, a soft fatty substance, above a foot in
length.
See MS. P.

8—12. Conors. Spec. 22.
wesicularis, blackish ; hind-head vesicular ; ab-
domen yellow with black base. Woods.
Se# MS. P. |
9—4, Conus. Spec 83.
ammiralis, (cone shell,) shell with rough punctures
atthe base. “This species contains about forty
varieties. The variety americanus, has irregu-
lar bands, is brown, cloudy or spotted.
See MS. P.
2—2. Goracias. Spec. 25.
garrula, (roller,) blue, back red; quill-feathers

black ; legs short, dirty yellow.
See MS. P.

13—2. Coratuina. Spec. 38.

officinalis, (coralline,) sub-bipinnate, and usually
trichotomous, with the Joints of the stem sub- .
cuneate or turbinate ; those of the branches
round, and some of the terminal ones capitate.

See MS. P. |
2—5. Corrira. Spec. 1.

italica, (messinger,) bill arched, yellowish ; legs
brown ; head brown streaked with white.
See MS. P.

2—2. Corvus. Spec. 48.

corax, (raven,) black ; back bluish-black ; tail
roundish. Often two feet long.
*415.

“T4 CORVUS, COTTUS.

corone, (carrion crow,) entirely black, with a vio-
let-blue gloss ; tail rounded, feathers pointed
attheends. 12 to 18 inches long.
frugilegus, (rook,) black ; front subcinereous ;
tail roundish ; skin about the nostrils, and base
of the bill bare.
monedula, (jackdaw,) black-brown ; hind-head
hoary ; front, wings, and tail, black.
glandarius, (jay,) wing-coverts blue, with trans-
verse black and white lines ; body ferruginous,
inclining to vinaceous. About ten or twelve
inches long.
cristatus, (blue-jay,) blue, collar black ; wing-
coverts with transverse black lines.
pica, (magpie,) variegated with black and white :
tail wedgeform.
See MS. P.

4—3. Corvpuzna. Spec. 19.

*

psittacus, (parrot fish,) lateral: lines intercepted :

fins with longitudinal coloured lines.
“See Ms. P.

4—3. Corrus. Spec. 10.

cataphractus, (armed bullhead,) body eight-an-
sled, mailed ; upper jaw with two upright bifid
spines ; throat with numerous cirri.
scaber, (prickly bullhead,) head and lines down
the body with serrate scales ; lateral line acu-
feate.
scorpius, (father-lasher,) head armed with numer-
ous large spines ; upper jaw rather longer than
the lower.
See MS. P.

—

CRAK, CULEX. A7D.

2—4. Crax. Spec. 6.

alector, (curassow,) cere yellow ; body black ; bel-
ly white.
See Ms. P.

3—3. Crora.us. Spec. 6.

horridus, (rattle snake,) plates on the belly 167 ;
of the tail 23. About 5 or 6 feet long; body
covered with triangular spots. ‘Thick and
clumsy.
see Vio: Ps

2—3. CrororHaca. Spec. 4.

major, blackish violet; feathers edged with green ;
quill-feathers dusky-green ; feet climbers.
See MS. P.

41—1. CucuLtanus. Spec. 7.

lacustris, body rufous and truncate before, In-

habits the liver and intestines of fish.
See MS. P.

2—3. Cucuius. Spec. 55.
canorus, (cuckow,) cinereous; whitish beneath,
transversely streaked with brown ; tail round-
ed, blackish, dotted with white.
americanus, (american cuckow,) tail wedge-form ;
body cinereous above, white beneath ; lower

mandable pale yellow.
See MS. P.

8—12. Curex. Spec. 14.
pipiens, (musquetoe, ) cinereous, with eight brown
rings ; antenne of the male, pectinate. Makes

a shrill buzzing noise. The English call our
musquetoe the gnat.

476 CULEX, CYPREZA..

ciliatus, (carolina musquetoe,) black, with two yel-
low dorsal lines on the thorax ; legs yellow.
see MS. 'P.

8—5. Curcuiio. Spec. 754.
gigas, thorax and elitra rough ; antenne tipped
with white.
See avo. 1's.

14—2. Cycuipium. Spec. 7.
-gadians, ovate, with distinctly visible intestines.
Pellucid. In vegetable infusions.
sce MSs: P.

4—5. Cycioprerus. Spec. 10.

Zumpus, (lump-sucker,) body made angular by.
rows of sharp bony tubercles.
See MS. P.

8—9. Cynips. Spec. 35.

fagi, (beech gall-fly,) black, without spots ; pro-
duces pyriform galls on the under side of beech.
leaves.

Remark. Species are mosily made by the gen-
itive case cf the generic name of the plant on which
the insect makes the gall. ‘The generic and spe-
cific names are both used in the genitive case for

the specific name of the insect when necessary,
See MS P.

9—4, Cyprma. Spec. 118.

arabica, (lettered porcellane,) shell slightly tur-
binate, with irregular graphic characters ;
stripe down the back simple. 3 inches long.

argus, (ocellate porcellane,) shells slightly turbi-
nate, subcylindric, speckled with eye-form
spots ; 4 brown spots beneath.

CYPREA, DASYPUS. [TT

figris, (tigris porcellane,) shell ovate, obtuse be-
hind and rounded before, ferruginous with deep
brown spots and a yellowish longitudinal dor-
sal line.
See MS. P
4—4, Cyprinus. Spec. 56.

barbus, (barbet,) anal fin 7-rayed ; cirri or beards,
4; second ray of the dorsal fin serrate each side

carpio, (carp,) anal fin 9-rayed ; cirri 4; second
ray of the dorsal fin serrate behind.

tinca, (tench,) anal fin with 25 rays ; tail entire ;
body mucous ; cirritwo. Weighs 4 to 8 pounds.

~ cephalus, (chub,) anal fin 14-rayed ; body nearly
cylindric. May weigh 5 pounds.

auratus, (gold-fish,) anal fin double, placed like
the ventral. A Chinese fish, kept in glass ves-
sels in houses.

feucitscus, (dace,) anal fin 10-rayed, dorsal-fin 9-
rayed. 6 to 18 inches long.

rutilus, (roach,) anal fin 12-rayed, reddish ; late-
ral line bent down, haying 36 dots.

See MS, P,

D.
9—1. Dacysa. Spec. t.

notata, body marked at one end with a brown spet.
3 inches long.
See MS. P.
1—5. Dasypus. Spec. 10.

tricinctus, (three-banded armadillo,) bands three,

moveable ; toes 5.

Remarks. The species are named by prefixing
the latin numeral expressing the number of bands
to cinctus. As 4-banded, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 48.

See MS. P.

478 DELPHINUS, DIDELPHIS.

4—8. Devpuinus. Spec. 4.

phoceena, (porpoise,) body subconic ; back broad 3
snout bluntish ; bluish above, white beneath
46 teeth in each jaw. Appear like old stumps
and roots tumbling in water.

delphis, (dolphin,) body oblong, roundish ; snout
narrow, sharp. Swims fast. 9 or 10 feet long,

orca, (grampus,) snout turned up ; teeth broad, ser-
rate. Var. Swordgramptus. Snout subtrun-
cate ; teeth pointed.

See MS. P.

5—1. Denrauium. Spec. 22.
elephantinum, (elephant-tooth shell,) shell with 10
ribs, slightly curved, striate ; green with dark
bands, tip white.
See MS. P.

8-1. Derwesves. Spec. 85.
lardarius, (leather-eater, book-eater,) black, shell
cinereous above. Larva oval, hairy. Very
destructive to libraries, museums, bacon, &c.
See MS. P.
9—1. Dernis. Spec. 1.
sanguinea, body cylindric, tapering to a point be-
hind ; palpi white. In sea.
See MS. P.
8—5. Dtareris. Spec. 1.
violacea, blackish-blue ; antenne ferruginous at,
the tips.
See MS. P.
: 1—3. DipetreHis. Spec. 25.
apossum, (american opossum,) tail hairy near the
base ; region of the eyebrows paler; teats 5 to

DIDELPHIS, DORIS, 179

7. Sometimes the back is dark brown, belly

yellowish.
See MS. P.
2—5. Drinus. Spec. 38.
meptus, (dodo) black waved with whitish ; head
hooded ; feet four-toed. Three feet long.

see MS. P.
4—5. Diopon. Spec. 3.

/ystrix, (porcupine fish) nearly spherical ; spines

iriangular. Sometimes conic with long spines.

See MS. Pig
2—6. Diomepea. Spec. 4.
eaculans, (albatrass, man-of-war) white ; back and

wings with white lines; quill-feathers black.

See Ms.
8—12. Dropsis. Spec. 1.
ichneumoni.., (false ichneumon) body reddish ; an-

tenne small, setaceous; thorax black.

See MS. P.
i—4. Dtpeus. Spec. 10.

canadensis, (american jerboa) fore toes 4, hind ones

5; tail longer than the body, covered with bris-

tles.
See. MS. P.
9--3. Donax. Spec. 19.

éruneulus, shell smooth in front, violet within - ;

margins crenate.
See MS P.
5-4. Doris. Spec. 24.

argo, (dory) body oval, smooth, with two small
palpi at the mouth ; body red, with black and

yellow cae
See MS. P

180 BRACO, ELATER.

38—2. Draco. Spec. 1.
volans, (flying dragon) fore legs distinct from the
wings ; body ash-colour.
See MS. P.
8-5. Dyriscus. Spec. 147.

marginalis, (water-beetle) black ; edge round the
thorax and outer margin of the shells yellow.
See MS. P.

©

E. 7
4—3, Ecueneis. Spec. 3.

remora, (sucking-fish,) tail forked ; head with 18
streaks. 12to18 inches long. Adheres firm-
ly to ships, &c. at one end, and fish, &c. at the
other.

See MS. P.

140—1. LEcuinus. Spec. 109.

esculentus, (sea-hedgehog, sea-urchin,) subglobu-
lar; with ten avenues or pores, the spaces be-
tween covered with small tubercles supporting
the spines ; body reddish or yellowish.
See MS. P. ;

11—2. Ecnuinoryncuus. Spec. 48.

gigas, (hog-worm,) clear white ; proboscis sheath-
ed, having numerous rows of hooked prickies ;
suction orifices seven.

Remarks. The species of this genus are nam-
ed, generally, by the genitive case of the generic
names of the animals which they inhabit.

See MS. P.
8S—5. Eater. Spec. 183.

fessellatus, (snap-bug,) shell brassy, with crowded
paler spots ; claws red.

ELATER, ENCRINUS. 1$i
seelandieus, (bronze snap-bug,) purple-bronzed,
with grey down; shells striate, punctered.
An inch and a quarter long. Very common
about Troy. Perhaps not the Danish seelan-
dicus.
ee MS. P.

i—6. Evepnuas. Spec. 4.

nesximus, (elephant,) body cinereous, seldom red-
dish or white, very thickly set with hairs ; pre-
boscis fiat beneath, tip truncate. Often weighs
4500 pounds.
See MS. P

4—4, Enxops. Spec. 4.

saurus, tail armed above and beneath ; tail deep-
cleft. :
See lS. P.

2—2. EmBeniza. Spec. 61.
nivalis, (bunting,) quill-feathers white, the prima-
ries black on the outer edges tail feathers black,
the three lateral ones white.
See MS. P.
S—12. Empis. Spec. 29.
sorealis, black, with roundish, rusty-brown
Wings ; wings large ; tail bifid.
See JS. P.
14—2. Ecuenis. Spec. 15.

punctifera, green, subcylindric, obtuse before.
pointed behind. In marshes.
See MS. P.
10—1. Ewcrinus. Spec. 4.

contlts, (encrinite,) body conic or eliptical ; moutit
16

482 ENCRINUS, ESOX.
in the mid@le of the base; branches cylindric,
with rings. Common petrifaction.
See MS. P.

8—S8. FEpruremera. Spec. 21.

vulgata, (ephemera, day-fly,) wings reticulate,
spotted with brown 3 body yellowish, spotted
with black ; having three threads at the end of
the abdomen. Species communis of some au-

thors. It appears by millions, ascending and

descending, for a few days.
See MS. P.

4—3. Eaves. Spec. 2.
- americanus, rays of the first dorsal-fin elongated ;
teeth smooth ; the floating vesicles large.

See MS. P.

1—-6. Equus. Spec. 6,

caballus, (horse,) hoofs solid ; mane and tail with
long flowing bair.

hemionus, (wild mule.) hoofs solid; colour uni-
form, no cross on the back; tail hairy at the
tip only.

asinus, (the jack.) hoof solid; tail bristly at the
extremity; a black cross on the shoulder of the
male.
See MS. P.

1—3. Erinaceus. Spec. 6.

europeus, (hedgehog, ears rounded ; nostrils with
a loose flap. About ten inches long.
See MS. P.

4—4, Esox. Spec. 15.

osseus, (bill-fish, sea-pike,) upper jaw longer :
scales bony ; tail quadrangular.

ESOX, FALCO, 183

vulpes, (sea-pike,) dorsal fin in the middle of the
back ; gill-membrane five-rayed.
Juctus, (bill-tish,) snout depressed ; jaws nearly
equal.
helone, (gar- ey each jaw long, subulate.
See MS.

4—4. Exocetus. Spec. 3.

volitans, (flying-fish,) belly keeled each side ; flies
from wave to waye by its pectoral fins.
Sea MS. P.

=,
2—1i. Fatco. Spec. 126,

Section A. eet generally rough.

melanetos, (black eagle,) cere yellow ; feet yellow,
somewhat downy ; body rusty-black with yel-
low streaks ; outer part of the tail white with
blackish spots. 3 feet long.

leucocephalus, (bald eagle,) cere and legs yellow ;
legs somewhat downy ; body brown $ head and
tail white; claws black. 3 feet long.

fulvus, (ring tail eagle,) cere yellow ; legs downy,
rusty 5 back bedi : ; tail with a white band ;
breast with a triangular spot.

lagopus, (rough-leg hawk,) cere, and downy legs,
yellow ; body black spotted with white ; tail
feathers white, black towards the tip. 2 feet
long.

sible; (kite,) cere yellow ; tail forked ; body
ferruginous; head whitish. 2 feet long.

halietos, (bald buzzard,) cere and feet blue.; body
brown above, white beneath; head white, 2

. feet long.

484 FALCO.

Sec. C. Legs naked.

Sorealis, (american buzzard,) cere and legs pale-
yellow ; body brown above, white beneath ;
tail pale rusty, with a transverse rusty bar near
the tip. 20 inches long.

Palumbarius, (goshawk,) cere black, edged with
yellow; legs yellow ; body brown ; tail-feath-
ers with pale bands ; eyebrows white. 22
inches long.

gentilis, (geutle falcon,) cere and legs. yellow ;
body cinereous with brown spots ; tail with

‘four blackish bands. About 2 feet long.

communis, (common falcon,) body brown ; feathi-
ers rusty-edged ; tail with dark transverse
bands ; bill ash-blue ; cere, iris and legs, yel-
low. Colour varying in different countries.

hyemalis, (winter hawk,) cere yellow ; head and
back black-brown ; neck streaked with white :
breast and belly white with heart-spots. 20
inches long.

cyaneus, (hen barrier, hen hawk,) cere white ; legs’
tawny ; body hoary blue; a white arch over
the eyes surrounding the chin 3; pale-brown
spots on the hind-head ; breast and beliy white.
47 inches long.

Jiscus, (american hawk,) cere cinereous; legs yel-
low ; body waved with black, ash-brown above,
white beneath. 14 inches long.

dubius, (ground-coloured hawk,) cere and legs yel-
low ; head dusky with rusty streaks ; body
brown above, dirty white with brown streaks
beneath ; tail dusky-ash with four black bands.
10 inches long.

abscurus, (dusky hawk,) cere and legs yellow ;

FALCO, FELIS. 185

hind-head and neck spotted with white ; body
dusky-brown above, white with black lines be-
neath ; tail with 4 broad and 4 narrow bands,
tip white.

columbarius, (pige@n hawk,) cere and legs yellow ;
body brown, whitish beneath ; tail brown with
4 white lines. 10 inches long.

See MS. P.

14i1—2. Fasciota. Spec. 46.

hominis, (gourd-worm, fluke,’ found in men; flat.
See MS. P.

i—3. Fexrs. Spec. 23.

Section A. Tails long ; ears platn..

catus, (cat,) tail with numerous rings.
See MS. P.
Varieties.

i. Common domestic cat. Hair short, thick ;
body small. ,

2. Wild cat. Body with blackish stripes ; three
dorsal lines longitudinal, lateral ones spiral.

3. Angoracat. Hair long, silvery, silky, long-
est on the neck. :

A, Tortcise-shell cat. Variegated. with black,.
white and orange.

5. Blue cat. Hair bluish-grey.

6. Redcat. A red stripe from the head down.
the back.

7. Chinese cat. Ears pendulous ; hair shining,

- variegated with black and yellow.

8. Yellow cat. Weddish-yellow ; head long,
snout sharp ; legs short, claws weak ; ears.
round, flat..

§. Madagascar cat. Tail twisted..

#16

186 FELIS, FILARTA.

Zeo, (lion,) body pale tawny, shaggy ; long mane
on head and neck ; tail bushy at theend. 8
feet long.

figris, (tiger,) body with dark long transverse
stripes on a pale-yellow grognd. 12 to 15 feet
long.

pardus, (panther,) upper parts of the body marked
with circular spots, lower with stripes on a
bright tawny ground. 7 feet long.

ancia, (ounce,) bedy whitish, with irregular black
spots. 3 feet long.

Feopardus, (leopard,) body yellow with black
spots, which are nearly in contact. 3 feet long.

pardalis, (mexican cat,) body striped above, spot-
ted beneath. 4 feet long.

concolor, (brown tiger,) body tawny, without spots.
12 to 15 fect long.

See MS. P.

Sec. B. ails short ; ears pencilied at thehtips.

snontana, (mountain lynx,) ears upright, pointed,
having two transverse streaks; long narrow

_ stripes on the back, and numerous reand spots
on the sides and legs. 2 feet long. |

rufa, (bay lynx,) tail black-banded abeve, white
beneath and at the tip ; body tawny, spotted
with brown ; ears bearded at the tips. 2 feet
long. :

fyna, (lynx,) tail with obscure rings, black at the
tip ; head and body light-tawny, spotted with
black ; ears bearded at the tips. Size of a fox.

See MS. P.

41—1. Fivaria. Spec. 18.
atedinensis, (thread-worm,) body entirely pale-
yellowish.

FILARIA, FRINGILLA. 187

lepidopterorum, (butterfly and miller worm,) tail
®&

hooked.
See MS. P.

4—4, Fisrunaria. Spec. 3.

tobacaria, (tobacco-pipe,) tail bifid, ending in a
slender tapering whip.
15—2. Frustrra. Spec. 418.

faliacea, (horn-wrack,) foliaceous, branched, with
rounded wedge-form subdivisions.
See Ms. P.

S—6. Forricuuta. Spec. 18.

auricularia, (earwig,) dark chesnut.; forcepsecury-
ed, toothed at the base 5 antennz with 14 joints.
See MS. P.

8—9. Formica. Spec. 70.

7
hercularea, (black ant or emmet,) black ; abdo-
men ovate ; legs ferruginous.
rufa, (red-leg ant,) black ; thorax compressed,
legs rufous.
fusca, (brown ant,) grey-brown, polished ; anten-
ne and legs ferruginous ; wings white.
yubra, (red ant,) testaceous ; eyes and dot under
the abdomen black.
cespitum, (flying ant,) black; petiole of the ab-
domen with two tubercles ; scutel two-toothed.
Fly freely in fair weather, from beneath mossy
hillocks. Ae
See MS. P.
2—2. Frineitta. Spec. 112.

lapponica, (finch,) bead black; body grey and
black ; eyebrows white ; outer tail feathers with
a white wedge-form spot. 6 inches long.

488 FRINGILLA, FULICA.

celebs, (chaffinch,) limbs black ; quill-feathers
white on both sides, the three first without spots,
two of the tail-feathers obliquely white.

carduelis, (goldfinch,) quill-feathers black, and
(except the outermost,) marked with fine yellow
in the middle , two outermost tail-feathers white
in the middle, and the rest -tipped with white.
Colours variable.

finaria, (little redpole,) brown, varied with grey,

yeddish-white beneath ; wings with a double
white band ; crown and breast red. 5 inches
long.

Jinota, (linnet,) chesnut-brown, beneath whitish ;
Wings with a longitudinal white band ; tail-
feathers each side edged with white. 5 inches
long.

domestica, (house-sparrow,) quill and tail-feathers
brown ; body grey and black ; wings with a
single white band. 6 inches long.

montana, (tree sparrow,) quill and tail-feathers
brown 3; body grey and black; wings. with a
single white band. 5 inches long.

See Ms. P.

8—7. Fuxicora. Spec. 25.

lanternaria, (lantern fly,) front extended, strait ;
wing-cases variegated ; wings each haying a
large ocellate spot.
See MS. P.

ii) 2—5. Funica. Spec. 25.
chloropus, (moor-hen,) front tawny ; bracelets-red ;
body blackish. 14 inches long.
noveboracensis, (gallinule,) legs brown ; crown.
and neck above olive, Spotted with white ; back
brown; breast dirty yellow. Size of a quail,

FULICA, GASTEROSTEUS. 189

atra, (coot,) front flesh colour ; bracelets greenish-
yellow ; body blackish ; feet pinnate. 15 inches
long.
See MS. P.
1i1—2. Furia. Spec. 1.

infernalis, (finland pest,) thread-form ; entering

under the skins of animals.
See MS, P.

G.

4—2. Gapus. Spec. 22.

morhua, (codfish,) dorsal fing three ; mouth beard-
ed ; tail subequal; first anal ray spinous. 2
to 4 feet long.

eglefinus, (haddock,) dorsal fins three ; mouth
bearded ; whitish ; tail forked ; upper jaw

larger.
See MS. P.

2—3. Gatsuia. Spec. 4.
viridis, (jacamar,) tail wedge-form ; body golden-
green, rufous beneath ; chin white.
ee MS. P.

1—3. GaveopirHecus. Spec. 1.

Wphins, (flying-cat,) reddish-grey above, rose col-
our beneath.
See MS. P.

4—3. Gasrerosteus. Spec. 13.
aculeatus, (stickle-back,) dorsal spines three ;
gill-covers large, silvery ; fins yeliowish, 3 in-
ches long.
saltatrix, (ship -jack,) dorsal-spines cight, connect-

190 GASTEROSTEUS, GONIUM.

ed by a membrane; gill-membrane 7-rayed.
Resembles a perch.
See MS. P.

4—6. GasTRABRANCHUs. Spec. 1.

coccus, (hag-fish,) glutinous ; eight inches long,
worm-like.
See MS. P.

2—5. GtarroLa. Spec. 8.

austriaca, (pratincole,) grey-brown above ; collar.
black ;. chin and throat white ; breast and bel-
ly reddish- -grey. 9 inches long.
See MS. P.

2—2. GuLawucoris. Spec. 1.

cinerea, (wattle-bird,) body, bill and legs black ;
tail long. 15 inches long.
See MS. P.

4—3. Gopromorus. Spec. 4.

strigatus, first cau dal-fin 6-rayed ; head ome
ed, yellow. ‘Faken from Gobius.
See MS. P.

4—3. Gopsrus. Spec. 21.

niger, (goby,) second dorsal-fin with i4 rays. 6
inches long.
See MS. P.

14—2. Gonium. Spec. 5.
pectorale, quadrangular membrane pellucid, with

sixteen spherical molicules set in it.
See MS. P.

GOMPHORUS, GRYLLUS. 191

4—3. Gompuorus. Spec. 1.

cerulius, head and lips smooth ; snout tubiform,
elongated.
See MS. P.

5—3. Gorpius. Spec. 5.

Souaticus, (hair-snake,) pale brown with dark ex-
tremities. 4 to 10 inches long. Whitlows have
have been caused by the bite of it. It has been
supposed by the vulgar to be an animated hair,
accidentally drepped into water. Its rings and

mouth demonstrate the folly of the supposition.
See MS. P.

18—2. Gorcontsa. Spec. 41.
anceps, (red coral-bush,) slightly branched, with
compressed stem aid branches; each witha row
of florets along both the margins. 24 inches
high.
See MS. P.
| 2—2. GracuLa. - Spec. 13.
barita, (grakle,) greyish ; shoulders blue ; quill-
feathers outside green. 13 inches long.
See MS. P.

8—6. GryLuius. Spec. 251.

Section A. lntenne setaceous ; feelers unequal;
thorax rounded ; tail with two bristles. Crick-
et family.

gryllatalpa, (mole cricket,) wings terminating in
slender tails, longer than the abdomen ; fore-
feet palmate. Burrows in the ground in gardens.

domesticus, (hearth cricket,) wings tailed, longer
than the wing-cases ; body glaucous. ;

? a : rz

192 GHYLLUS, HEMATOPUS. ~~

campestris, (field cricket,) wings shorter than the
wing-cases ; body blackish ; style linear.

Section B. .intenne filiform; feelers simple;
tail simple; throat with a horn-hke protuber-
ance. Grasshopper and Locust family.

migratorius, (egyptian locust,) thorax of a single
segment, subcarinate ; mandibles blue; body
brown, varied with dark spots: legs blue ; hind
thighs and shanks yellowish.
grassus, (grasshopper,) thighs sanguineous ; wing-
cases greenish ; antenne cylindrical.
See Bs. P.
4—3. Gymneteus. Spec. 1.
cepedianus, pectoral-fins small; upper Jaw much
extended ; teeth very small.
See MS. P.
4-1. Gymnotus. Spec. 9.
electricus, (electrical eel,) naked, brown, without
dorsal\-fin ; caudal-fin obtuse and joined to the

anal. 3 to 6 feet long.
See MS. P.

8—5. Gyninus. Spec. 11.
natator, (water-flea,) oval, black, obscurely striate.

Plunge under water when disturbed, drawing a

bubble resembling quicksilver in appearance.
See MS. P.

H.

‘2—5. Hemarorus. Spec. 1. —
_ estralegus, (sea-pie, oyster-catcher,) bill, eyelids
and legs red ; body black, sometimes white be-
neath. 3
See MS. P. 4

HALIOTIS, HELIX. 193

§9—4. Hauiotts. Spec. 19.

tuberculata, (sea-ear,) shell subovate, the outside
transversely grooved, rugged and tuberculate.
4 or 5 inches long.
See" o. 8

9—4, Hevix. Spec. about 380.

Remark. The following species of the he/ia,
including the planorbis and dyna sections, are
taken mostly from Say and Barnes. They are
the most common American fresh-water and shell-
marle species.

Section A. Proper Helix. Spire convex ; aper-
ture wider than lung.

albilabris, (common snail, white-lip snail,) shell
thin, fragile, convex, not perforated; whorls 6,
obtusely wrinkled crosswise, spirally striate,
with very fine lines; aperture lunate and regu-
larly curved; lip flat, white. About an inch
broad.

thyroidus, (small white-lip snail,) lip not flat,
white ; a strong oblique tooth on the pillar-lip.
Breadth about three-fourths of an inch.

arboreus, (dwarf snail, bark snail,) shell very thin,
fragile, depressed, horn-colour, pellucid ; whorls
four, irregularly wrinkled crosswise ; aperture
sublunated ; lip thin; umbilicus large and deep.
Breadth not the fourth of an inch. Often under
decaying bark of trees.

tridentata, (three-toothed snail,) shell depressed,
brownish or horn-colour ; whorls five, crossed
by numerous raised, equi-distant, acute lines,
separated by regular grooves; aperture lunate,

17

194 HELIX.

3-toothed ; one of the three on the pillar lip,
other two on the outer white lip. Breadth about
half an inch.

alternata, (striped snail,) shell somewhat convex,
striped with alternating rays of a light and
dark colour; whorls five, crossed by equi-dis-
tant raised lines ; lip curved, with a pearly hue
within; umbilicuslarge. Breadth about three-
fourths of an Inch.

glaphyra, (shining snail,) shell much depressed,
smooth, pellucid, thin, fragile ; whorls five,
rounded, obsolete irregular cross wrinkles ;
whitish beneath ; umbilicus middling. Breadth
about half an inch.

Section B. FLat-orsep Hexix, or Pianorsis
of Bruguieres. Spire depressed or sunk, so as
not to be raised above the central plain of the
whole coil.

érivolvis, (short-tail snail,) shell sinestral (coiling
from leit to right, beginning at the tip of the
spire, when the back of the animal is upwards,)
pale yellow, brownish chesnut; somewhat keel-
ed above and beneath, particularly in the young
state, whorls three or four, with raised, equi-
distant, fine cross lines 5 spire concave ; aper-
ture large, bluish-white within; umbilicus large.
Largest breadth about half an inch. Sometimes
itis a little larger, very dark coloured, with a
reddish mouth within.

bicarinatus, shell sinistral, pale yellow or brown-
ish, somewhat keeled above and translucent be-
neath ; spire retuse-umbilicate, forming a cavi-
ty as deep as that of the base ; aperture large,

- HELIX. 195

reddish-brown within ; whorls three, wrinkled,
with minute revolving lines. Largest breadth
about half an inch.

parvus, (dwarf short-tail snail,) shell horn-colour
or blackish; whorls four, crossed by minute
wrinkles; concave above and beneath; lip
rounded ; mouth bluish within. Breadth less
than the fourth of an inch.

Section C. Tarrrtne Hevrx. Lymyxa of La-
marck, Spire terete, or conical.

catascopius, (conk snail,) shell thin, horn-colour-
ed or blackish ; whorls 4 or 53 the first large
and swelling, and the remainder decreasing ra-
pidly to an acute apex, and are wrinkled cross-
Wise ; aperture large, oval, not equalling three-
fourths the length of the shell. Breadth about
half an inch, length about three fourths of an
inch.

heterostrophus, shell sinistral, subovate, pale yel-
low or brown; whorls 4, first large, the other
tapering abruptly to an apex ; aperture large,
somewhat oval, three-fourths equal to the length
of the shell, pearly or blackish within, lips red-
dish. About half an inch broad and three-
fourths of an inch long.

subcarinatus, sheil with three rounded subcarinate
whorls, reticulated with striew; suture deep 5
apex truncate; aperture oval, equal-to more
than half the length of the shell. Length a lit-
tle over half an inch, breadth less.

virginica, shvil tapering to the apex, and alsoa
little towards the base ; horn-colour, blackish
or olive ; tinged with green under the epidermis

196 HELIX, HIPPOBOSCA.

or skin; whorls ‘7, crossed on the spire by cury-
ed wrinkles and somewhat on the body ; aper-
ture subovate, about a third as long as the shell.
Length about an inch, breadth more than equal
to a third of the length. A Buccinium of
Gmelin. :

vivipara, shell subconic, with six rounded whorls,
suture impressed ; olive or pale, having three
reddish-brown bands ; aperture suborbicular,
equalling about half the length of the, shell.
Length about an inch, breadth about two-thirds
as much.

decisa, shell subconic, olive ; apex minute, whorls
four, wrinkled across and banded with minute
distant striz ; terminal whorl very short ; su-
iure impressed; aperture subovate, about half
the length of the shell ; bluish-white within.
Length about an inch, breadth about three-

fourths as great.
see MS. P.

8—8. Hemerosnius. Spec. 4.

pulsatorium, (false death-watch,) mostly wingless ;
abdomen oblong ; mouth red; eyes yellow.
‘The female makes a noise like the ticking of a
watch, or like the Ptinus pulsator.
ace MS. 2”.

8—i2. Hippozosca. Spec. 5.

eguina, Chorse-fly,) wings obtuse ; thorax varie-
gated ; feet armed with four claws; head
brown ; wings crossing.
ovina, (sheep-bug,) destitute of wings ; body dull
testaceous.
See MS. P.

HIRUDO, HISTER. 197

5—3. Hirupo. Spec. 17.

medicinalis, (doctor’s leech,) elongated, olive-black
with yellow ferraginous lines above, and spot-
ted with yellow beneath.
sanguisugu, (blood-sucker, horse-leech,) elongated,
olive-brown, with an ochre-yellow marginal
band.
See MS. P.

2—2. Huirunpo. Spec. 38.

Section A. ‘Toes three before and one behind.

rustica, (swallow,) front and chin chesnut ; tail-
feathers, except the two middle ones, with a
white spot ; bill black. 6 inches long.

urbica, (martin bird,) bluish-black, white beneath ;
tail-feathers without spots ; bill black ; mouth
yellow. Five anda half inches long.

riparia, (sand-bank martin, bank swallow,) cine-
reous; chin and belly white; bill blackish ;
throat encircled with a mouse coloured ring.

pelasgia, (chimney swallow,) tail-feathers equal,
naked and subulate at the tip ; body and bill
brown ; chin whitish. Four and a quarter in-
ches long.

Section B. Toes all placed forward.

apus, (steeple swallow, barn swallow,) blackish ;
_ chin white ; feet small, scaly, fit for walking ;
but adapted to clinging to walls. 7 or 8 inches
long. Is much of its time on the wing.
See M>. P.
8—5. HistEer. Spec. 25.
anieolor, black ; shells obliquely striate.
See MS. P.
#417

198 HOLOCENTRUS, HOMO.

4—3. Ho.ocentrus. Spec. I.

soso, having red and yellow bright shining lines.
See MS. P.

40—1. Ho.oruunia. Spec. 23.

pentactes, with ten branching teniacule ; body
with five rowsof papille. Six inches long.
See MS. P.

4—1. Homo. Spec. 1.

sapiens, (man,) body mostly naked ; head covered
with hair or wool ; face naked ; nails broad.

Varieties, more or less permanent.

Caucasian, (white european,) colour reddish-white ;
head oval, covered with hair, straight, undulat-
edorcurled. In disposition restless, impatient
under restraint, fond of novelty and of change.
Minds adapted to deep investigation, original
invention, devotion, friendship, benevolence.

Ethiopian, (black negro,) colour black ; head ob-
lique covered with wool, harsh, curled. In
disposition patient in servitude, sensual, indif-
ferent to novelty and change. Minds adapted
to low cunning and the pursuit of sensual grati-
fication ; mostly incapable of deep research, of
devotion, friendship or benevolence ; but there
are many exceptions.

Mongolian, (copper-coloured indian,) colour and
other characteristics intermediate between the
Caucasian and Kthiopian. Head broad, hair
straight. in disposition sensual, fond of roving
abroad, sly, cunning, treacherous. Somewhat
qualified for research ; not wholly destitute of

HOMO, HYDRA. 199

benevolence and friendship, but mostly too
fickle to be entitled to confidence.

Varieties not permanent.

Agarico, Gnushroom growth,) thick, swollen, alt
parts unusually disdented in early life, and not
in conformity with ancestral lineage.

Albino, hair milk-white ; skin of a deathly white ;
eyes weak and tremulous. This variety is
common to the three permanent varieties, and its
peculiarities are not hereditary.

Remarks. The three primitive varieties are
intermixed in all proportions. But in some coun-
tries they remain distinct through many genera-
tions. ‘Phe Kgypiian mummies appear to have
been Mongolians ; therefore the present variety
seems to have remained unchanged three thousand
years. We find but few specimens of either of
the three varieties, in perfection in North Ameri-
ca. Most negroes of the Northern states have
lost chiefly their primitive Ethiopian character ;
and many European Caucasians seem to partake
of the characteristics of the three varieties,

See MS. P.

18—1. Hypra. Spec. 5.

viridis, (green jelly,) tentacule about ten, shorter
than the body. Appears like a drop of green jel-
ly on the under surface of plants in water when
at rest, but is linear and fixed at one end when
in action, with its tentacule extended. In fresh

water.
See MS. P.

200 HYDRACHNA, HYSTRIX,

8—5. Hypracuna. Spec. 49.

globator, (water spider,) body globular, with red

eyes.
See MS. P.

8—5. Hyproruitus. Spec. 31.

pieeus, (water-clock,) glossy-black 5 sternum chan-
nelled with a long spine pointing backwards.
searabordes, (beetle water-bug,)black ; shell striate ;
legs piceus.
See Ms. P.

3—3. Hyprus. Spec. 1.

hydrophis, (water-serpent,) head small, furnished
with large plates.
See Md. P.

1—6. Hiproporamus. Spec 1.

amplibius, (river-horse,) feet four-lobed ; skin
thick, dark, almost naked ; teeth very white ;
tail short, naked.
See MS. P.

1—6. Hyrax. Spec. 2. |

capensis, nails of the fore feet flat, of the hind feet
subulate, single.
See MS. P.

4—4. Hysrrix. Spec. 5.

dorsata, (american porcupine,) rusty-brown ; tail
middling length, not prehensile; hind feet five-
toed ; spines on the upper part of the head,

back and tail only. Var. white.
See MS. P.

ICHNEUMON, KURTUS. 201

I.

8—9. Icuneumon. Spec. 492.

/unator, (american ichneumon,) varied with black
and yellow ; abdomen clavate, with yellow lu-
nules each side ; sting twicetas long as the bo-
dy. Deposites its eggs in the perforated body
of the larva of other insects.

See MS. P.

13—2. Isis. Spec. 6.

entrocha, (entrochite coral,) stem testaceous, round,
pentagonal, with orhicular perforated joints
and whorled dichotomous branches. It is
found living in the ocean and in the fossil state.
asteria, (star-stone,) stem testaceous, jointed, pen-
tagonal; branches whorled.
See. MS. P.

8—l. Juius. Spec. 14.

ovatus, (round decipede,) legs ten each side.
terrestris, (round centipede,) legs one hundred
each side ; body polished, blackish.
subulosa, legs one hundred and twenty each side.
maximus, legs one hundred and thirty-four each
. side; body brown.
See MS. P.

K.

4—2. Kurrus. Spec. 1.

indicus, head large, compressed, obtuse ; back
spotted ; pectoral and ventral fins yellow edged
with red.
See MS. P.

202 LABRUS, LAMPYRIS.

L.

4—3. Lasrus. Spec. aA.
cinea, (old wife,) upper jaw turned up ; tail round-

ed.
SeeMS.P. §

38—2. Lacerta. Spec. 72.

Sec. A. Tail two-edged.

crocodilus, (crockodile,) head armed ; nape keel-
ed ; tail above with two lateral crests. 18 to
25 feet long.

diligator, (alligator,) head flat, imbricate ; tail.
above with two rough lateral lines.

Sec. B. Body covered with carinate scales.

Gimaculata, (lizard,) tail carinate, toothed, twice
as long as the body; all the toes lobate.

enonitor, (lizard,) tail carinate ; body unarmed,
with ocellate spots. Green, checked, cinereous
or blue.

Sec. C. Feet 5-toed,*taii round.

chameleon, (chameleon,) head flat; body cinere-
ous or white. Colour changeable.

Sec. D. Collar double ; abdominal scales square.
agilis, (scaly lizard,) tail wherled, longish, with
sharp scales ; collar scaly beneath. Green,

brown, bluish, speckled.
See MS. P. |

8—5. Lampyris. Spec. 52.

aoctiluca, (glow-worm,) oblong, brown; shield
cinereous. ‘The female is the largest, and emits
a bright phosphoric light.
See MS. P.

LAPLISTA, LARUS. . 2038

9—1. Lapuisia. Spee. 2.

depilans, (sea-hare,) body pale lead®tolour, with-
out spots. Two to five inches long.
See MS. P.

38—3 Laneaya. Spec. 1.

nazuta, head furnished with large plates; mouth
long, pointed.
See MS. P.

2—2. Lanius. Spec. 43.

canadensis, (shrike,) tail wedgeform ; head cresi-
ed ; body reddish, whitish beneath. 8 inches
long.

eacubitor, (great shrike,) tail wedgeform, white at
the sides ; back hoary ; wings black with white
spots.

americanus, (american shrike,) black ; spot on the
first quill-feather, cheeks and chin white ;
breast and belly cinereous.

See MS. P.

2—6. Larus. Spec. 15.
Sec. A. Nostrils without a cere.

tridactilus, (tarrock gull,) back whitish ; quill-
feathers white ; hind-toe unarmed.

canus, (common gull,) white ; back hoary ; pri-
mary quill-feathers black at the ends, the fourth
and fifth with a black spot at the tip, the outer
black without.

marinus, (black-back gull,) white with a black
back.

JSuscus, (herring gull) white, with a brown back ;
legs yellow.

204 LATUS, LEPTOCEPHALUS,

Sec. B. Mostrils covered with a cere.

parastticus, (AEctic gull,) two middle tail-feathers

very long
erepidatus, (black-toed gull,) varied with dirty-

white and brown, pale beneath ; two middle

tail-feathers a little longer. 16 inches long.
eataractes, (skua-gull,) greyish ; quill and tail-

feathers white at the base ; tail sub-equal.

See MS. P.
1i—2. Lemur. Spec. 13.

volans, (flying cat,) tailed ; surrounded by a mem-
brane formed for flying.
See MS. P.

9—2. Lepas. Spec. 32.

enterteata, (acorn-shell,) subdepressed ; valves
imbricate and obliquely striate. Adhering to
oysters, &c.
titinnabulum, shell conic, obtuse, bellform, rug-
ged ; fixed to bottoms of ships, &c. purplish
and bluish.
anatifera, (duck barnacle,) shell compressed, five-
valved, smooth, seated ona peduncle. In clus-
ters on ships’ bottoms, &c. Bluish-white.
See MS. P.

8—2. Lerrisma. Spec. 7.

saccharina, (sugar lepisma,) scaly, silvery, lead-

colour, with a tripple tail. Runs swiftly. Of

ten found in sugar.

See MS. P.
4—1. LeprocepHarus. Spec. 1.

morrisint, (morris,) body almost transparent ; dor-

sal fins low and thin, extending the whole

Jength of the back. 4 inches long.
See MS. P.

LEPTURA, LIBELLULA. 205

S—5. Leprura. Spec. 126.

aguatiea, (wood-beetie,) hind-thighs two-toothed ;
shells shining green; hind-shanks five toothed.
See MDS. P.

i—4. Leprus. Spec. 15.

fimidus, (hare,) tail short ; ears black at the tip,
longer than the head; body whitish, brownish,
or straw-colour.

americanus, (rabbit, american hare,) tail short ;
hind-legs half as long-again as the body ;_ tips
of the ears and tail grey.

euniculus, (rabbit,) tail short, nearly the colour
of the body; ears black at the tip ; hind-legs
shorter than the body ; grey, black, or white,
with red eyes.

See MS P.

141i—1. Lernza. Spec. 15.
‘ranchialis, (codfish-worms,) bedy round, flexu-
ose; mouth lateral, seated between three slight-
ly branched horns. About 2 inches long. On

the gills of codfish.
See MS. P.

14—2. Lencopnra. Spec. 8.

nodulata, (worm-eater,) oblong: ovate, depressed,

with a double row of tubercles. In angle-

worms.
See, MS. Ra

S—8. Lisetiuna. Spec. 56.
Section A. Wings expanded when at rest.

guadrimaculata, (dragon-fly,) lower wings at the
“ase, and allin the middle on the fore part,
es 18

206 LIBELLULA, LONCHURUS.

with a blackish spot ; abdomen depressed
downy. |

depressa, all the wings blackish at the base.

vulgata, wings hyaline without spots; abdomen
cylindric rufous.

vulgatissiina, thorax yellow with 8 black streaks,

Section B. Wings erect when at rest.
virgo, wings coloured ; body greenish-blue, silky
or green. |
puella, wings hyaline, not coloured ; body red,
spotted, blue, cinereous or blueish-green.

See MS. P.

41—2. Licuia. Spec. 2.

abdoinalis, (fish-worm,) pale-ash, broad. From
6 inches to 5 feet long. In the intestines of fish,
See MS. P.

9—f. Limax. Spec. 15.

ater, (black slug, naked snail,) body black and
furrowed with deep wrinkles. From one to
five inches long. Crawis slowly leaving a sli-
my track.
maxinus, (large slug,) body cinereous, with or
without spots. 4 or5 inches long. — .
agrestis, (field slug,) body whitish ; with black
antennz. Half an inch long.
see MS. P.
9—1. Loparia. Spec. 1.

quadriloba, tail with four lobes.
See MS. P
4—3. Loxcuurvus. Spec. 1.
barbatus, brown, with two cirri under the ee:
1

body brown. About ten inches long. ki
See MS, P. » Soe

LOPHIUS, LUMBRICUS, 207

4—5. Loenius. Spec. 8. :
piseatorius, (fishing-frog, angler,) body depressed
head rounded. Sometimes seven feet long.
See JS, P:

4—4. Loricaria. Spec. 2.
eataphracta, (harness fish,) dorsal fin single 5 cirri
two; tail forked, with one bristle-form ray.
See MS. P.
2-2. Loxia. Spec. 100.

curvirostra, (crossbill,) mandibles crossing each
other; body varying in colour; wings and
forked tail brown. 6 inches long,

pyrrhula, (bullfinch,) cinereous ; head, wings and
tail black; coverts of the tail and hindmost quill-
feathers white. Black or white. 6 inches long.

obscura, (dusky grosbeak,) middle of the throat
and double band on the wing-coverts white ;
quill-feathers green; flanks white, spotted with
brown.

Sce MS. P. 7
8—5. Lucanus. Spec. 27.

cervus, (stag-beetle,) Jaws exsert, forked at the
tip, a small branch near the middle within.
Larva fat whitish, with ferruginous head and
legs.
See MS. P.

12—1. Lucrrnaria. Spec. 3.
guadricornis, body long, coiled, with four forked
arms, tentaculate at the tip ; no head or eyes.

See MS. P

5—3. Lumpricus. Spec. 16.
terrestris, (angle-worm, earth-worm, dew-worm, }

208 LUTRA, MADREPORA.

body red, with eight rows of prickles which
are invisible to the naked eye ; 140 rings with
four pair of prickles to each.

See MS. P.

i—3. Lutrra. Spec. 8.

canadensis, (otter,) hind feet palmate; black; fur
smooth ; tail long, tapering.
communis, (common otter,) hind feet. palmate, na-
ked ; tail halfas long as the body; fur deep
brown; whiskers large; ears short ; feet five-
toed. 2 feet long.
See MS. P.

M.

1—3. Macnrorus. Spec. 3

major, (Kkanguroo,) tail long, thick ; hind feet three
times as long as the fore feet ; three- toed.
See MS. P,
4—3. Macrourvus. Spec. 1.
riupestris, dorsal fins two, the first ray of the firs:
fin toothed backward. ‘Three feet long.
See MS. P.
9—3. Macrra. Spec. 16.
solida, shell opake, smoothish, sub-antiquated.
Iutraria, shell oblonz-oval, smooth, without late-
ral teeth. Resembles a Mya.
See MS. P.
13—2. Maprepora. Spec. 118.
Section A. Composed of a single star.

curbinata, (stone knot,) turbinate, sessile, witha
a hemispherical concave star. Found fossil,

MADREPORA, MASTODON. 209

cornuta, (stone horn,) turbinate, elongated, curv-
ing towards one side. Krom half an inch to
two inches in diameter at the base and tapering
upwards toa point. Found fossil.

Section B. Composed of numerous stars.

phrygia, with iong narrow undulations, and per-
pendicular prominent ones; stars confluent ;
partitions simple, lamellate, lobulate ; laminz
rather remote. ound both recent and fossil.

porites, (fungus-stone,) slightly branched ; stars
separate, crowded ; composite, rough. White
or grey ; branches clavate, very obtuse. Found
recent and fossil.

See, MS.P.

1--5. Manis. Spec. 2.

pentadactyla, (scaly ant-eater,) feet five-toed. 6

or 8 feet long.
See Ms. P.

8—6. Mantis. Spec. 64.
calamus, (walking stick,) body filiform, cylindric-
al, apterous, greenish; thighs striate ; anten-
nz yellowish.
bispinosa, (winged-stick, spectre, ) thorax roundish,
with two spines on the fore part; wing-cases

very short; wings rose-colour.
See MS. P.

i—6. Mastopon. Spec. 2.

giganteum, (extinct,) the truncate ends of the teeth
are rhombic or diamond-form. 3
angustidens, (extinct,) ends of the teeth three-lob-

ed, or like the club-spot on cards,
See DS, P. 3
*18

210 MEDUSA, MERGUS.
\

12—2. Mepusa. Spec. 45.

cruciata, (crossed jelly,) body marked witha milk-
white cross, jelly-like, transparent, surrounded
at the margin with fine fibres.
See Ms, P.

4—5. Mecaruerium. Spec. 2.

americanum, (extinct,) occiput elongated, flatten-
ed, convex above the eyes; whole fore foot
touches the ground.
See MS. P.

2—4, MeLeacris. Spec. 2.

gallipavo, (turkey,) front and chin carunculated ;
breast (of the male,) tufied.. Three and a half
feet long. Found wild in many parts of this
country. When domesticated it varies much
an colour.
See MS. P.

8S—5. Meta. Spec. about 60.
pensylvanica, (black spanish fly,) entirely black,
opake.
vesicatoria, (spanish-fly,) green ; antenne black.
On ash and elder trees. Canruanis of Olivier.
Lytra of Fabricius. See Latreille, p. 316.
and on.
See MS. P.

2—6. Mereus. Spec 10.

mergzanser, (goosander,) subcrested ; white; head,
neck, upper part of the breast and wings glossy-
black ; tail cinereous.

castor, (dun-diver,) crested, cinereous ; head and
upper part of the neck bay ; chin, middle quill-

feathers and belly white. ‘Two feet long,
See MS. P.

MEROPS, MONUPTERUS. aii

2—2. Meroprs. Spec. 26.

apiaster, (bee-eater,) back ferruginous ; belly and
tail bluish-green ; two of the tail-feathers lon-
ger; chin pale-yellow; bill black ; crown,
hind-head and neck bay.
See MS. P.

13—2. Miuiepora. Spec. 34.

polymorpha, (common coral,) crustaceous, solid,
irregularly shaped, but generally branched and
tuberculate, and without visible pores.
See MS. P.

2—2. Momorvus. Spec. 1.

brasiliensis, (motmot,) green ; front bluish-green ;
hind-head violet ; crown black.
See MS. P.

14—2. Mownas. Spec. 5.

/ens, transparent, with sometimes a greenish mar-
gin; a mere round pellucid dot.
See MS. P.

6—2. Monocutus. Spec. 68.

cyclops, (horse-foot,) siiell convex with three lines
of raised spines ; tail very long and unarmed.
See MS. P.

1—8. Mownopon. Spec. 1.

monoceros, (uarwal,) skin white, spotted with black
on the back ; no dorsal fin, two small pectoral
ones. 18 to 40 feet long.
See MS. P.

4—1. Mownoprerus. Spec. 1.

notopterus, silvery with a gilt hue ; fins pale ash.
See MS. P.

212 MORDELLA, MOTACILLA,

8—5. Morpeiia. Spec. 34,

aculeata, tail ending ina short point; body black,
without spois.
See MS, P.
4—4, Mormyrvus. Spec. 3.

anguilloides, tail bifid, obtuse ; dorsal fin with 63
rays.
See MS. P.
1—7. Moscuus. Spec. 6.

moschiferus, (musk,) a usk-bag near the naval ;
tail short; fur soft, blackish-brown and white.
Two and a half feet long.
See MS. P.

2—2. Moracitia. Spec. 200. |
luscina, (nightingale.) rufous-ash, white-ash be-
neath; tail-feathers rufous-brown; bracelets
cinereous. 6 inches long. Sings from April
till fall.
modularis, (hedge-sparrow,) above grey-brown ;
wing-coverts tipped with white ; breast bluish-
ash. Five and a half inches long. Sings all
winter. | :
alba, (tipe-up, wagtail,) breast blackish ; two late-
ral tail-feathers obliquely half white: Some-
times whitish and cinereous. About 7 inches
long.
rubicola, (robin-redbreast,) grey ; throat and breast
ferruginous.
troglodytes, (wren,) grey ; eyebrows white ; wings
waved with black and cinereous; bill dark
brown. “Three and a half inches long.
See MS. P.

MUGIL, MUS, 213°

4—4, Muein. Spec. 5.

cephalus, (mullet,) first dorsal fin 5-rayed.
see MS. P.

4—3. Mutuius. Spec. 6.

surmuletus, (surmullet,) cirri two ; body with four
longitudinal yellow lines. From 6 to 24 inches
long.
See MS P.

4—1. Morena. Spec. 8.
ophis, (spotted sea-serpent, snake-eel,) body sien-
der, spotted ; tail round, spear-form, naked.
3 to 4 feet long,
See MS. P.

9—4. Murex. Spec. 182.

fribulus, (thorny woodcock,) shell ovate with a
tripple row of setaceous spines ; beak elongat-
ed, subulate, with spines.

erinaceous, (hedgehog oyster.) shell subangular ;
whorls crowned with tabular and subspinous

raised scales or points; beak short and covered.
aces, Fs

1—4. Mus. Spec. 46.

zibethecus, (musk rat,) tail long, compressed, lan-
ceolate-; feet cleft. A foot long.

decumanus, (norway rat, dock rat,) tail very long,
scaly ; body bristly, grey above, whitish be-
neath. Body nine inches long, tailseven. Tail
has about 200 rings.

rattus, (black rat, ship rat,) tail very long, scaly :
body black, hoary beneath. Eight inches long:
tail same length.

214 MUS, MUSCA.

americanus, (american rat,) tail long, scaly ; head
long 3 nose pointed ; upper jaw longest ; ears
large, naked. About 8 inches long, or smaller.

musculus, (house-mouse,) tail long, nakedish ; fore-
feet four-toed, hind feet five-toed, thumb with-
outaclaw. + inches long.

sylvaticus, (field-mouse,) tail long, scaly ; body
yellowish-brown, white Beneath, ‘braie yellow-
ish. Var. albus, entirely white.

* messorius, (harvest mouse,) tail long, scaly ; body
rusty-brown, belly white, colours divided by
a straight line.

virgimianus, (pasture mouse,) tail all hairy, thick
at the base, long, tapering ; body whitish or
white, nose biack.

amphibius, (water rat,) tail middle length ; ears
hardly above the fur ; feet three- toed, with the
appearance of a fourth. Sometimes hind feet
five-toed, Dark or blackish. Body 7 inches

long, tail three.
ae Ms. P.

8—12. Musca. Spec. about 530.

domestica, (house-fly,) with two short feelers.
sucker with a ile bristle without skéath .
hairy, black; thorax with five pale lines ; ab-
domen tessilate, pale at the base beneath.

cadaverina, (carrion eater,) body polished ; thorax
blue; abdomen green. FKeelers and suckers
like domestica.

mortuorum, (death fly, epidemic fly,) thorax black ;
abdomen green bronze; legs black ; thorax
with a few faint lines. Feelers and suckers
like domestica.

MUSCA, MYA. 215

putris, (maggot fly,) black ; wings white with a
- black rib. Feelers and suckers like domestica.
Deposits eggs, which become the common white
skipper. -
See Ms. P.

2—2. Muscicapa. Spec. 97.

striata, (fly-catcher,) green-ash ; back streaked
with black, yellowish beneath ; chin and sides
of the neck spotted with browns; three outer-
most tail-feathers tipped with white. 5 inches
long. ,

canadnsis, (northern fly-catcher,) cinereous, pale-
yellow beneath ; lores yeilow ; crown spotted
with black. 4 inches long.

atra, (bee-catcher,) olive-ash ; breast cinereous ;
belly whitish-yellow ; head, tail and quill-
feathers black, the secondaries at the edge and

outmost tail-feathers on the outer webs white.
See MS. P.

8—9. Mortitua. Spec. 38.

europea, (wingless fly,) black ; thorax rufous ;

segments of the abdomen with white margins.
See MS. P.

9—3. Mya. Spec. about 60.

Remarks. ‘This genus and Mytilus have been
cut up into several new genera. Unio is the prin-
cipal genus taken from Mya. asmadonta, Mo-
nodonta, &c. are proposed. But the unsettled.
state of the numerous proposed subdivisions, even
among some of the best zoologists of our times,
demonstrates the absurdity oi the modern rage for
innovation. Perhaps future naturalists will fix
the boundaries of these subdivisions on definite

216 MYA.

grounds ; it will then be early enough to adopt
them. I have retained the original name, and
made sections of the genera, which appear to be
unsettled.

All the species, here described, are found in
our fresh waters, excepting the first. Taken
from Say in Nicholson, and Barns in Silliman.

Sec. A. Shell without cicatrices.

margaritifera, (false pearl oyster,) shell ovate, a

little contracted in the middle of the thinner mar-

*sin 5 primary tooth of the hinge conic 3 protu-
berant part near the hinge decorticated.

Sec. B. Shell with three deep cicatrices. Shel
transverse ; hinge with a strong irregular tooth
and two lateral ones. Unio of Bruguieres.

cornuta, (horned muscle,) shell sub-sphercidal, di-
vided longitudinally by a regular row of large
distant tubercles. Shell thick, rounded behind ;
cardinal teeth furrowed ; pearly-white and irri-
descent within. Dimensions an inch and three-
fourths by an inch and a half.

verrucosa, (warted muscle,) shell subtruncate be-
fore, irregularly tubercled ; the tubercles trans-
versely compressed ; brownish-red within. Sub-
quadrangular, thick, rounded behind; beaks
elevated and recurved ; cardinal teeth crenate
or furrowed ; cavity of the beaks deep. Di-
mensions about two inches by one and two

* thirds,

nodosa, sheil subquadrangular, emarginate before,
knotted, ri gy, corrugated ; lateral tooth ter-
minating abruptly ; shell thick and heavy ;
beaks distant, eroded ; hinge margin straitish ;

MYA. 247

epidermis horn-colour ; surface irregularly cor-
rugated and tubercled ; tubercles largest near
the center of the disk, and often eroded; car-
dinal teeth furrowed and crenulated ; lateral»
teeth short, thick, crenate. Dimensions three
inches by twe and a half.

tuberculata, shell long-ovate, surface corrugated.
undulate-tubercled, ribbed ; disks compr essed,
base falcate ; shell thick and rugged 5; beaks
flat near the posterior end ; hinge-margin strait-
ish ; epidermis dark-brown or horn-colour ;
elongated tubercles are thickly scattered over
the surface ; cardinal teeth crenated, lateral
ones long and striated ; pearly white, with ir-
regular greenish spots within. Dimensions
about four inches by two and a fourth.

rugosa, shell broad-ovate ; surface wrinkled tu-
berculated, ribbed, undulated ; disks swelled ;
base faleate : ; shell compressed and thin before:
beaks slightly elevated ; ; hinge-margin com-
pressed, keeled ; epidermis dark brown, pearly
white under it ; surface rough and scaly, wrink-
led transversely and undulated lengthwise.
Dimensions two inches and a quarter by three.

crassa, (thick-shell wuscle.) shetl varying in form
and surface, very thick and heavy 5 epidermis
horn-colour, different shades ef brown and
black : beaks carious, often much eroded, pure
pearly or silvery white. Dimensions some-
times four and a half inches by three.

purpurea, {purple muscle,) shell suboval, and
somewhat compressed ; smaller wrinkles be-
tween larger ; colour dark-brown ; beaks cari-
ous, not prominent, near to oue end ; often wax-
yellow under the epidermis; reddish purple

19

218 ‘ MYAs

within, varied with green ; no cavity under the
beak. Dimensions two and a half inches by
one and two thirds.

evata, shell but middling, subovate, convex, not
remarkably thick, horn-colour, not radiated,
flattened and fuscous on the anterior margin ;
beaks decorticated and placed nearer central ;
boss prominent ; pearly within ; cavity of the
beak capacious ; primary teeth very oblique,
almost parallel to the posterior margin and
much compressed. Dimensions four inches by
three.

cariosa, shell but middling thick, long forward.
short back of the beaks ; olive-green, sometimes
radiated with green and with interrupted wrink-
les in longitudinal rews ; beaks somewhat pro-
minent, distant, carious, wax-yellow beneath the
epideriils concavity bluish-white ; teeth often
subconic and crenate. Dimensions two inches
and a quarter by one and a half.

achrocea, shell thin, fragile, translucent, subovate ;
hinge margin straitish ; pale-olive or orange :
often with. green wrinkled radii 5 anterior mar-
gin wrinkled ; beaks decorticated and near,
with two or three concentric undulations ; bluish-
white or yellowish within, reddish near the
base ; teeth very oblique and much compressed.
Dimensions an inch and a quarter by an inch
and three quarters.

nasuta, shell thin, oblong, compressed, beaked,
hora-colour or fuscous, wrinkled, with green
radiations ; bluish-white within ; teeth crenaic ;
scarcely any back-cavity. Dimensions about
one inch by two and a half.

MYA. 219

alata, shell moderately thick, subtriangular, gen-
erally gaping at the back part of the base, fus-
cous, wrinkled; beaks near the back part, de-
corticated ; base straitish ; hinge-margin ob-
lique with a winged process ; red-purple with-
in; teeth crenate. Dimensions five inches and
a half by three and three fourths.

cylindrica, shell very thick, subcylindric, emargi-
nate forward ; pale horn-coloured and greenish ;
hinge-margin undulated obliquely across the
wrinkles ; rough on each side; beaks broad
and prominent 3; pearly within; teeth thick and
crenate ; cavity of the beaks very deep. Di-
mensions three inches and a quarter by one and
a quarter.

undulata, shell subrhombic, with undulations, which.
radiate from the beaks; shell thick, obtusely
rounded behind ; hinge-margin somewhat wing-
ed 3 epidermis blackish.

plieata, shell subquadrangular, tumid, sinuous
before with distant oblique folds 5; hinge-mar-
gin elevated, compressed, keeled ; shell thick.

undata, shell subiriangular, very tumid, unda-
lated ; lateral teeth two in each valve; shelk
thick, beaks projecting backwards ; epidermis
horn-colour approaching yeliowish-green ; teeth
deeply furrowed and crenate, lateral teeth two
in each valve.

clipticea, regularly oval, thick, convex, glabrous ;
beaks depressed ; teeth elevated, triangular,
striated ; shell long befere and short behind ;
epidermis yellowish-brown, obscurely rayed :
teeth deeply divided, finely striated ; pearly
white, iridescent or flesh-colour within. Di-
mensions about four inches by two and a half.

226 MYA,

carinata, shell oblong-oval, two-angled before,
rayed, hinge-margin strait, compressed, keel-
form ; teeth finely striate ; shell elongated trans-
versely ; epiderniis greenish-yellow with broad
dark-green rays 3 surface glabrous ; white, ira-
descent within. Dimensions about three inches
by two.

Srelonga, shell much elongated transversely, nar-.
row, thick, tumid, beaks flat ; lateral tooth
long, thin ; purple within ; epidermis blackish-
brown with fine interrupted wrinkles in longi-
tudinal rows. Dimensions about three inches
by one and a quarter.

gibbosa, shell elongaied transversely, thick gib-
bous; lateral teoth very thick, incurved ; pur-
ple within ; shell thick and heavy, suddenly
narrowed so as to appear beaked before, nar-
vow and rounded behind, so as to appear sub-
cylindric 3 epidermis blackish-brown finely stri-
ated and deepiy wrinkled transversely ; purple
within; lateral tooth very thick. Dimensions
about four inches by two.

cuneata, shell ovate, wedgeform, thick, gibbous ;
disks tumid, anterior lunule furrowed ; lateral
tooth thin ; purple inside; shell elongated, sub-
triangular, thick and heavy ; beaks low and
distant 3; epidermis blackish-brown, subferru-
ginous, surface in fine wrinkles. Dimensions
three inches and three quarters by two anda
quarter.

vadiata, shell broad-ovate, thin, finely striated,
glossy rayed; biuish-white within, or tinged

~ with red; shell with the anterior side broad
ihin, fragile; beaks slightly elevated and ap

MYA, - - Bes

proximated ; epidermis greenish-yellow or ol-
ive-brown, with dark-green rays finely striated
transversely ; surface smouth and shining. Di-
mensions about one inch and a half by two and
a half.

mucronata, shell ovate, broader behind ; base
compressed, faicate ; beaks small, elevated,
acute ; purple within ; anterior lunule long,
posterior one small; epidermis horu-colour and
obscurely rayed, smooth. Dimensions one inch
and a quarier by two and a quarter.

inflata, shell oval, thick, tumid ; beaks broad ob-
tuse behind, wedge-form before ; pearly-white
within; epidermis yellowish-green, rayed. Di-
mensious one inch and three quarters by three
and a quarter.

ventricosa, shell large, thick, triangular, ovate,
convex ; bosses large, round, prominent ; beaks
recurved ; cavity capacious ; epidermis yellow-
olive, with green rays; surface smooth and
shining ; pearly-white within. Dimensions
about three inches by four.

siliguoidea, shell loug-ovate, subcylindric, thick,
regularly rounded, rayed; beaks elevated ; cavi-
ty small; inside white ; epidermis yellowish-
olive, rayed with distant dark-green lines. Di-
mensions two inches by three and a quarter.

plana, shell rhomb-oval ; thin, beaks depressed ;
disks flattened compressed ; teeth slightly ele-
vated, smooth ; epidermis brown-yellow, deeply
wrinkled Dimensions two inches and three
fourths by four and three fourths. |

triangularis, shell triangular, gibbous-inflated, ray-
ed, gaping ; anterior ae flattened, ribbed, can-

222 ; MY As

cellate, white within ; epidermis yellowish-
green, rayed with dark-green, finely striate
transversely. Dimensions three fourths of an
inch by an inch and a quarter.

gracilis, shell triangular-ovate, very thin and fra-
gile, hinge-margin elevated into a wing ; valves
connate 3 ligument concealed ; epidermis sea-
green, obscurely radiated ; bluish-white within
and tinged with violet. Dimensions two inches

- and a half by four.

arvu, shell oblong-ovate, small, convex, sides
rounded; beaks slightly elev ated s pearly-white
and iridescent within ; epidermis brownish ;
very brilliant within. Dimensions one inch by
two thirds of an inch.

Section C. Hinge with prominent cardinal teeth,
but without lateral ones ; posterior cicatrice
compound. ALAsMoDoNTA of Say.

arciata, shell ovate, elongated transversely, thick ;
base arched, ligament elevated, beaks depressed.
cicatrices rough 5; epidermis brownish-black ;
‘surface smooth in the young state, eroded and
sczbrous when old ; teeth two in the right and
one in the left valve; bluish-white within. Di-
mensions two inches by four.

vugosa, shell oblong-oval, anterior side with deep
diverging folds ; epidermis chesnut-brown with
a silky lustre ; surface of the fore part folded
in a pinnate form ; cicatrices smooth ; pale flesh-
colour in the center within, pearl white on the
margin witha dark narrow border. Dimen-
sions two inches by three and a half.

eomplanata, shell ovate- quadrangular, hinge-mar-
gin elevated into a large wing ; valves connate ; ;

MYCETOPHAGUS, MYTILUS. 225.

ligament concealed ; epidermis brown, glossy,

surface wrinkled and striated transversely ; blu-

ish-white and iridescent within. Dimensions

jhree inches by five.
See MS. P.

8—5. Mycreropuacus. Spec. 14.

quadrimaculata, thorax and shells black, striate,
the latter with two rufous spots ; body rufous.
See MS. P.

2—5. Mycreria. Spec. 3.

americana, (jabiru,) white ; quill and tail-feathers
purplish-black, 5 or 6 feet long.
See MS. P.

1—4. Myoxus. Spec. 4.

anuscardinus, (dormouse,) body tawny ; throaj
— whitish 5; hind thumbs without claws. 3 inches.
long.
See MS. P.
8—8. MyrmMeton. Spec. 16.

formicarius, (lion-ant,) wings clouded with brown,
with a white marginal spot behind.
See MS. P.
4—5. Myrmicopuaca. Spec. 7.

jubata, (ant-eater,) four toes on the fore feet, five
on the hind feet ; tail bushy.
See MS. P.

9—3. Mytitus. Spec. about 70.

Sec. A. Compressed and slightly eared.

margaritiferus, (pearl oyster, mother-of-pearl, )
shell flattened, suborbicular, with a transverse
hase imbricate with toothed tunics,

224 MYTILUS, NAUTILUS.

Sec. B. Convex or ventricose. Shell transverse ;
hinge simple, destitute of teeth ; shell with three
obsolete muscular impressions. ANopoNnTa of
Bruguieres.

cataractus, (toothless muscle,) shell thin, fragile,
translucent, obiong-oval, convex ; covered with
a radiated olive-green epidermis ; pearly with-
in; beaks nearly central; front margin brown.
Length about two inches anda half, breadth
four and a half.

marginatus, shell very thin, fragile, somewhat
compressed, translucent, subovate ; epidermis
olive-green, paler on the disk and greener be-
fore ; anterior margin fuscous ; beak nearer to
the posterior end; bluish-white within, edges
whitish.

See Ms. P.
N.
5—3. Nats. Spec. 10.

proboscidea, with single lateral bristles and very
long proboscis. Three-fourths of an inch long.
In clear water an inch long.

- serpentaria, body serpentine, with red spiral in-
testines and triple black collar. In stagnant
water. An inch long.

wermicularis, without lateral bristles ; chin beard-
ed. In stagnant water. One-sixth of an inch
long.

See MS. P.

9—4. Navutitus. Spec. 31.

pompelius, (nautilus,) aperture of the shell cor-
date, with obtuse and smooth whorls. Pearly
Within.
See MS. P.

NECYDALI8, NUMIDIA, 225

8—5. Necypatis. Spec. 39.
major, (carrion eater,) shells ferruginous, with-
out spots; antenne short ; head black; wings

longer than the body.
See MS. P.

8—7. Nepa. Spec. 14.

cinerea, (water scorpien,) tail ending in two bris-
tles, half as long as the body; body ovate,

brown.
See MS. P.

5—2. Nerets. Spec. 30.

noctiluca, body blue-green, with twenty-three seg-
ments ; scarcely visible to the naked eye, In
sea.
See MS. P.

9-4, Nerira. Spec. 76.
glaucina, shell smooth, glossy ; spine somewhat
obiuse ; umbilicus partly closed by the pillar

lip, which is gibbous and two-coloured.
See MS. P.

8—7. Noronecta. Spec. 17.
striata, (boat fly,) upper wings pale brown, with
numerous dets and streaks of dark-brown. All

the species swim on the back,
see MS. P.

2—4, Nuomipra. Spec. 4.

meleagris, (guinea-hen,) caruncles at the gape
doubled ; no gulor fold; breast white. Some-
times the whole body is white ; but it is gene-
rally speckled. About eighteen inches long.
See Ms. P,

226 ODONTOGNATHUS, @STRUS.

0.
4—1, Oponroenatnus. Spec. 1

aculeata, compressed ; lower jaw longest.
See MS P.

8—1i2. Ckstrus. Spec. 12.

bovis, (gad-fly,) wings brown without spots 3 ab-
domen with a black band in the middle, and
orange-yellow hairs at the tip. Deposites its
eges “under the skin of cattle, which causes
them to run and bellow when in the larva state.

equ?, (leg nitter,) wings whitish with a black band
in the middle and two dots at the tip. Depo-
sites its eggs on the hairs of horses’ legs in the
the summer months.

hemorrhoidalis, (lip nitter,) wings brownish with-
out spots ; abdomen black, the base white and
fulvous at the tip. Deposites eggs on the lips
of horses.

veterinus, (throat nitter, bot-fy,) wings without
spots ; body ferruginous ; sides of the thorax.

and base of the abdomen with white hairs. A

little smaller than the leg nitter. Deposites

eggs under the skin of the throat of horses in

September.

Remarks. The three last species are the nit-
_ters so well known in this country ; particularly
the leg and throat nitters. It is the received opin-
ion that the nits on the legs of horses, are taken
into the mouth of the borse, conveyed into the
intestines, and at length become the bot larva.
This is a very extravagant conjecture and requires

proof.

CESTRUS, ONISCUS. 227

From some observations which I have made, ¥
am inclined to the following opinion ; but I con-
fess it wants farther proof. ‘That the eggs depos-
ited under the skin, near the inner angle formed
by the horse’s head and neck, are the only CSIs OF
nits, which produce the bot larva. That when
they pass into the larva state, they are very small,
and make their way directly into the alimentary
canal, and soon grow to size suificient to injure or
destroy the horse. ‘This bypothesis is more con-
formable to analogy, if we study the habits of
other animals, not intestinal, which inhabit the
bodies of large animals, while in the larva state.

Ii on further observation this opinion should be
established, horses may be saved from the mortal
malady, called the bots, by fastening a piece of
oil-cloth under the throat, for three or four weeks;
commencing on or about the last week in August.
As my observations are confined to one year, I
would invite all students in zoology to make care-
ful observations on this insect; and, if possible,
to hatch out a bot larva, and see whether the ve-
terinus is, or is not, the only species which causes
such destruction among the most valuable of all
animals.

“See MS. P.
9—1. Oncutpium. Spee. 1.

typhe, body convex above, ash-colour, tubercled ;
flat and smooth beneath. An inch long, or more
when creeping.
Sec MS. ?.
6—2to5. Oniscus. Spec. 43.

armadillo, (sowbug,) feelers unequal, hind ones

228 ' - ‘ ONISCUS, OSTREA.

longer ; antennz filiform ; tail obtuse entire ;
body of ten segments, with white edges. . Un-
der stones.
assellus, (wood-louse,) feelers and antenne as in
the last ; tail obtuse, with two simple styles.
In walls and rotten wood.
See MS. P.

4—3. OPpHICEPHALUS. Spec. 2.

punctatus, body and beak entirely covered with
large scales; gills 5-rayed ; body subcylindric.
See Md. P.

4—1, QOpnipium. Spec. 4.

barbatum, lower jaw with four cirri. A foot long.
*mberba, jaws without cirri ; tail bluntish.
See MS. P.

2—2. Ortotus. Spec. 51.

pheeniceus, (oriole, red-shouldered blackbird,)
black ; wing-coverts tawny. Sometimes with
red shoulders.

Serrugineus, (rusty blackbird,) black ; edge of the
wings rusty ; head and neck purplish-black.
Seven inches long. |

niger, (corn blackbird,) totally black. About 9
inches long. Eemale greenish-brown.

See MS. P.

4—&. Osrracion. Spec 12.
érigueter, (trunk-fish,) body triangular, unarmed.
See Mb. P.
9—3. Ostrea. Spec. 137.

Section A. Valves furnished with ears and radi-
ate. Prcren of Braguires.

maxima, (scallup,) ears equal; shell with about

OSTREA, OVIS. 229

i4 rounded and longitudinally striate rays. 5
inches long.
jacobea, having 14 angular rays.

Section B. Rough, and generally plaited on the
outside. "The proper Oyster.

edulis, (common oyster,) shell suborbicular, rug-
ged, with undulate imbricate scales 5; one valve
flat, entire. Extremely variable in form, size —
and colour.

plieatula, (fan-sheil oyster,) shell with longitudi-
nal wrinkled plaits: the lower valve a little
jess and flatter. Generally cinereous with a

mixture of violet, sometimes bluish-white.
See MS. P.

2—5. Oris. Spec. 11.

torda, (bustard,) wave-spotted with black and ru-
fous, whitish beneath ; head (of the male) and

throat each side crested. 4 feet long.
See MS. P.

1—7. Ovis. Spec. 4.

aries, (sheep,) horns compressed, lunate.
See MS. P.

Varieties.

Hornless. Horns none or mere rudiments ; tail
reaching as low as the knees.

Black-face. Horned ; tail short, wool short and
coarse.

Merino. Horns spiral and extended outwards ;
wool fine and plentiful. This variety secretes
so much oily matter upon the wool that much

dust adheres to it.
See MS. P.

20

230 PALAMEDEA, PAPILIO.

P,

2——5. PauamMepea. Spec. 2.

cornuta, (screamer,) wings with two spines at the
bend ; front horned. 3 feet long.
See MS. P.

4—6. Patcmoruerium. Spec. 5.

eguinum, (extinct species,) bones in some particu-
lars resembling those of the horse.
See MS, P.

8—8. Panorpa. Spec. 9. |
communis, wings of equal length, spotted with
black.
See MS. P.

8-10. Parinio. Spec. 1272,

Remarks. The larva, or caterpillars, have
twelve eyes on the head (or rather twelve lenses.)
body in twelve segments, with nine spiracles on
each side, and is generally beset with prickles,
The caterpillar becomes achrysalis or pupa, which
is scarcely capable of motion; and is distinguish-
ed from that of the phalera genus, by never being
provided witha web. itis toothed, often having
golden spots, and is suspended by its posterior
extremity.

All the species fly in the day time only; and
when sitting have their wings erect. For conven-
ience in analyzing, Linneus distributed butterflies
into five divisions or families. See Gere’s Blumen-
bach, p. 202. ‘The larva of this genus are mostly
harmless.

1. Div. Equitres, (knights,) upper wings longer
from the posterior angle to the tip, than to the

PAPILIO, PARADISEA. 251

hase 5 antenne often filiform. This division is
subdivided into 1. Trojans, which are general-
ly black, with sanguineous spots on the breast:
2. Greeks, which have an ocellate spot at the
angle of the tail, and no sanguineous spots on
the breast.

See MS. P.

2. Div. Haxriconil, wings narrow, entire, often
naked or’ semi-transparent; upper ones oblong,
lower ones short.

See MS. P.

3. Div. Dana, wings very entire. This divis-
ion is subdivided into 1. Czandidi, with whitish
wings: 2. Festivi, with variegated wings.

See MS. P.

4. Div. Nympua.es, wings denticulate. This
division is subdivided into 1. Gemmata, having
wings with ocellate spots: 2. Phalerati, having |
wings without ocellate spots.

See MS. P.

5. Div. Pieper, small; the larva often contract-
ed. ‘This division is subdivided into 1. Rurales,
having wings with obscure spots; 2. Urbicole,
having wings mostly with transparent spots.

See MS. P.

Remarks. Not only the sections and subsec-
tions, have historical names, but the genera are
named upon the same plan. ‘Those which fall
under the subsection, Trojans, for example, have
‘Trojan names; under Greeks, Grecian names.
A vast and beautiful genus.

2—2. Parapisea. Spec. 12.
apoda, (paradise bird,) chesnut; neck gold-green

2a2 PARAMECIUM, PAUSUS.

beneath ; feathers on the sides longer than the
body ; two middle tail-feathers very long, brist-
by
See MS. P.
144—2. Paramecium. Spec. 7.

aurelia, compressed, longitudinally plaited towards
the forepart, acute behind, In ditches and in-
fusions.

Sce MS. P. -

2—5. Parra. Spec. 16...
dominica, Gacana,) claws moderate ; legs yellow.
4, See MS: P.

2—2. Panvus. Spec. 31.
americanus, ({titmouse,) bluish; temples, breast

and back yellowish ; flanks purplish.
ater, (colemouse,) head black ; back cinereous :

hind-head and breast white.
See MS. P.

9—4. Paretta. Spec. 239.

Section A. Having an internal lip.
fornicata, (limpet,) shell oval, obliquely recurved
behind; lip placed behind and concave. On
oysters, &e.

Section B. Having no internal lip

_. jissura, (knee-pan,) shell oval, conic, with retica-
late striz, cleft on the fore part ; crown recurv
ed.

See MS. P.

8—5. Pausus. Spec. 5.

ruber, reddish ; thorax jagged before.
See MS. P.

PAVO, PELICONUS. 233

2—4. Pavo. Spec. 4.
cristatus, (peacock,) head with a compressed
crest ; spurs solitary.
See MS. P.

13—1. Pepicervaria. Spec. 3.
globifera, head spherical ; neck none.
See MS. P.
8—3. Prpicutus. Spec. 65.
fumanus, (louse,) abdemen lobed, cinereous.—
Found on the heads of children; also on the
heads and clothes of uncleanly full-grown per-

Sons.
Bee. WES. PY

4—6. Percasus. Spec. 3.
draconis, (dragon-fish,) snout conic ; fin-rays sim-<
ale. 3 inches long.
See MS. P.

2—6. Pexvecanus. Spec. 34.
Section A. Bill without indentations.

onoerotatus, (pelican,) white, with a pouched gul-
et.

carbo, (corvorant,) tail rounded 3 body black ;
head subcrested. 3 feet long. !

graculus, (shag, crane bird,) tail rounded ; body
black, brown beneath ; tail-feathers twelve.

Section B. Bill indented or serrate.

bassanus, (gannet,) tail wedge-form ; body white ;

bill and primary guill-feathers black; face
blue.

See MS. P.

: *20

*
234 PENELOPE, PETROMYZA.

2—4. Prnetore. Spec. 4.
eristata, (guan, curassow,) head with an erect
crest ; temples violet.
See MS. P.

43—2. PennatTuLa. Spec. 18.
phosphorea, (shining sea-pen,) stem fleshy, with a

rough midrib and imbricate ramifications.
See MS. P:

4—3, Perca. Spec. 60.

Section A. Dorsal fins two, distinct.
fiuviatilis, (river perch,) second dorsal fin with 16
soft rays. Sometimes two feet long.
americanus, (red perch,) red; second dorsal fin
with 13 rays. In brackish water.
labrax, (basse,) second dorsal fin with 14 rays +
back dusky, tinged with blue; belly white.
Body shaped like a salmon.

Section B. Dorsal fin single ; tail undivided.
marina, (sea perch,) red, with transverse dusky

lines on the sides; gill-covers with a black
spot; dorsal spines fifteen. A foot tong.
nobilis, body silvery, with eight brown bands.

Section C. Dorsal fin single ; tail forked.

cernud, (ruffe,) dorsal fin 27-rayed, spines 15. 6
inches long. |
aigra, (black-fish,) body narrow, with smallscales.
45 inches long.
See MS. P.

4—6. Prtromyza. Spec. 4.
marinus, (sea-lamprey,) mouth papillose within +

PETROMYZA, PHETON. 335.

second dorsal fin distinct from the tail. 3 feet
long.
fluviatils, (river-lamprey,) second dorsal fin an-
gulate. A foot long. :
branciaiis, (dwarf lamprey,) second dorsal fin lin-
ear; mouth lobate. 6 inches long.
See MS. P. |

2—4. Puasianus. Spee. 45.

fallus, (hen,) comb on the crown, and two com-
pressed wattles on the chin; ears naked; tail
compressed, erect.
Varieties.
Orested hen. Crown with a thick downy crest.
Darking hen. Feet 5-toed, two behind.
Frizzled hen. Feathers all turned contrary.
Persian hen, Rumpless hen. Destitute of rump.
and tail-feathers.
Creeper. Legs very short.
Banta hen. Shanks feathered, small.
Turkish hen. ‘Colours curiously variegated.
Paduan hen. Body twiceas large as common hen.
Negro hen. Having black crest, wattles and chin.
Crowned hen. Having a tuberous crown.
Horned hen. Having a crown so divided as to
appear like horns. —
Silk hen. S&eathers resemble hairs; large.
colchicus, (pheasant,) rufous; head blue; tail

wedge-form ; cheeks papillose. Colour various.
See MS. P. |

‘ 2-6. PuxTon. Spec. 3.
e@thercus, (tropic bird,) white; two middle iail-
- feathers black at the base ; bill red,

See MS, P.

236 PHALENAs

8—i0. PHavmna. Spec. @o7 1.

Remarks. ‘This is the mosit extensive genus
among insects. ‘The larva are mostly hairy, and
in many other particulars resemble those of the
butterfly. They generally occupy a silky bag,
when in the crysalis state, which they previously
prepare froma tenaceous fluid contained in two
pouches, placed along the back, beneath the stom-
ach. ‘This fluid they spin into very fine threads,
by means of a tube placed behind the mouth.
These constructions are remarkable in some in-
stances, for their apparent artificial formation, and
in some, (as the silk worm,) for their great utility.
See Gore’s Blumenbach, p. 207. ‘The larva of
this genus prey voraciously on the leaves of plants,
and are thus more injurious to fruit trees, than any

ther genus. All the species fly in the evening
or night only. |

The following are the divisions into which the
species of this genus are distributed. Somealtera-
tions of the Linean divisions are here adopted
from the improvements of Gmelin, Fabricius, &c.

4. Div. Bombyx, anteune filiform ; feelers two,
compressed, reflected ; tongue short, membrana-
ceous, obtuse, bifid; tarva 16-feoted, often hairy 3
chrysalis pointed at ihe tip. Wings either, 1. ex-
panded ; 2. reversed 3 3. deflected ; 4. incumbent ;
or 5. convolute. A distinct genus, Bombyx, is
made of this section. It includes about 280 spe-
cles.

See MS. P.

2. Div. GeomeTra, antenne filiform ; feelers
eylindrical ; tongue projected, membranaceous, |
setaceous, bifid ; larva 8 to 10-footed, 6 of which

PHALENA. 237

are pectoral, 2 caudal, and sometimes 2 subcau-
dal ; chrysalis pointed at the tip. 1. Antenne
pectinate 5; 2. setaceous ; 3. the wings are forked
and connivent. Genus Phalena of Fab. Con-
fains 430 species.

See MS. P.

3. Div. Noctua, antenne setaceous ; feelers
compressed, hairy, the tip cylindrical and naked ;
tongue projecting, horny, setaceous, bifid ; larva
46-footed ; chrysalis pointed at the tip. i. Wings
expanded ; 2. flat incumbent, with a smooth tho-
rax ; 3. wings flat incumbent, with a crested tho-
rax 3 4. wings deflected, with a smooth thorax ;
5. wings deflected, with a crested thorax, This
division contains 400 species.

See MS. P.

4, Div. Hysixa, antenne setaceous ; feelers |
projecting, compressed, dilated in the middle ;
lip projecting, acute. This division contains 6
species. :

See MS. P.

5. Div. Herrauus, antenne moniliform ; feel-
ers two, reflected, hairy, between which is the
rudiment of a bifid tongue; larva 16-footed ; feed-
ing on the roots of plants ; chrysalis folliculate,
cylindrical, and pointed at the tip. ‘This division
contains 10 species.

See MS. P.

‘6. Div. Cossus, antennz shori, filiform ; feel-
ers two, very short, cylindrical, reflected ; having
no spiral tongue. ‘This division contains 6 spe-
cles.

See MS. P.

208 PHALENA, PHIALANGIUM.

7. Div. Pyrauis, antenne filiform ; feelers two,
equal, almost naked, cylindrical at the base, the
middle dilated into an oval, and subulate at the
tip ; tongue projected, setaceous, bifid ; wings
very obtuse and slightly curved at the “exterior
margin ; larva 16- footed, and rolling up the leaves
to which it attaches itself. This division con-
fains 183 species. It is the genus Tortrix of
Gmelin.

See MS. P.

8. Div. Tinea, antenne setaceous ; feelers
four, unequal; larva found in houses among lin-
nen and woollen clothes and furniture, in which
iteats holes. This section contains 190 species.

See MS. P.

9. Div. Avucira, antennz setaceous ; feelers
two, divided to the middle ; the inner divisions
very acute. This is the genus Tinea of Gmelin.

{t contains 53 species.
See MS. P.

40. Div. Preropnorus, antenne setaceous ;
feelers two, linear, naked; tongue exsert, mem-
branaceous, bifid ; wings fan-form, divided down
to the base, and generally subdivided as far as the
middle ; larva 16-footed, ovate, hairy ; chrysalis
naked, subulate atthe tip. It is the genus Aluci-
faofGmelin. It contains 13 species.

See MS. P.

7—2. Puauancium. Spec. 19.

Sec. A. Mouth with a conic tubular sucker.

grossipes, (sea graybeard,) feelers four, the upper
ones chelate ; body minute, cylindric, glabrous ;

PHALANGIUM, PHO:NICOPTERUS. 239

shoulders tuberculate ; legs very long ; body
dirty red. Enters muscle shells.
balaenarum, (land greybeard,) feelers two ; body
ovate, red on the back.
See MS. P.

Sec. B. Mouth without a sucker.

opitio, (shepherd, common graybeard,) abdomen
ovate, grey, whitish beneath; feelers project-
ing, incurved. Wanders about at night.
cornutum, (spot-greybeard,) abdomen depressed ;
mandible conic, ascending ; feelers resembling
legs; body grey-brown above with a darker
rhombic spot in the middle.
See MS. P.

8—6. Puasma. Spec. 1

rossia, (spectre,) without wings, excepting the
mere rudiments, green, yellowish or dark ash-
colour ; pane very short.
See MS.

1—3. Poca. Spec. i9.

barbata, (seal,) head smooth, without external
ears ; body blackish. Sometimes twelve feet
long.
_ vitulina, (common seal, sea calf,) head withoui
external ears ; neck smooth ; body brown.
Sleeps on stones projecting above water.
See MS. P.

2—5. Puenicorrerus. Spec. 2.

ruber, (red flamingo,) quill-feathers black ; colour

passing from ash to scarlet as itady ances in age,
See MS. P,

240 PHOLAS, PICUS.

9—2. Puouas. Spec. 12.

dactylus, (pierce-stone,) shell oblong, with reticu-
late subspinous strize on the upper part. Five
inches long. Shines by night.
See MS. P.

8—8. Purycanea. Spec. 55.

hieaudata, (water-moth,) wings reticulate, browa ;
body brown with a yellowish line on the head
and thorax. Larva in water inclosed in tubes

made of sand, scraps of wood, &c.
See MS. P.

12—2. Puyssopnora. Spec. 3.
hydrostatica, oval; with numerous lateral 3-lobed
vesicles, open outwardly ; middle intestine and
four longer tentacula red. Resembles a Me-
dusa.
See MS. P.

i—8. Puysrerer. Spec. 4.
macrocephalus, (white whale, cachelot,) no dorsal
fin; spiracle on the neck. Sometimes black-

ish. About 60 feet long.
See MS. Pp:

2—2. Puyroroma. Spec. i.

rard, (va-ra;) bill thick, indented; body dusky-
ash above, paler beneath.
See MS. P.

2—2. Picus. Spec. 58.

pileatus, (great woodpecker,) black ; crest red ;
temples and wings spotted with white. 12 to
18 inches long.

hnrundinaceus, (red-cap woodpecker, ) black 3 cap

PICUS, PLATALEA. 241

scarlet ; shoulders dotted with white. Five
and a half inches long.

erythrocephalus, (red-headed woodpecker,) head
wholly red ; wings and tail black ; belly white.
6 to 9 inches iong.

major, (spotted woodpecker,) variegated with
black and white ; vent and hind-head red. 9
inches long.

See MS. P.

@—3. Pinna. Spec. 48.

muricata, (sea-wing,) shell striate, with concave,
ovate, acute scales. 3 to 9 inches long.
See MS. P.

2—2. Pipra. Spec. 31.

rupicola, (manakin, rock-hen,) crest erect, edged
with purple ; body saffron-colour ; tail-feathers
truncate. 10 inches long.
See MS. P.

11—2. Pruananria. Spec. 47.

Jusca, (eyed worm,) black-brown with a semipel-
lucid whitish spot above the tail. Resembles
a bloodsucker.
gee. Mek.

4—5. Puatryrus. Spec. 4.

anatinus, (duck-bill,) body depressed, covered
with soft fur, dark above, lighter beneath.
See Ms. P.

2—5. Puararea. Spec. 3.

leucorodia, (spoonbill,) body white; chin blacks;
hind-head subcrested. 2 feet long.
See MS. P.
21

242 PLATYSTACHUS, PODURA.

4—4, Puatystacuus. Spec. 3.

verrucosus, having a very short tail.
See MS. P.

4—3. PLEURONECTES. Spec. 29.
Sec. A. Both eyes on the right side of the head.

hippoglossus, (hollibut,) body perfectly smooth ;
tail lunate. Allsizes. Specimens have weigh-
ed 400 pounds.

flessus, (flounder,) lateral line rough ; short spines
on the right side of the fins. Largest weigh five
or six pounds.

solea, (sole,) body oblong, rough ; upper jaw
longer. Sometimes two feet long.

Sec. B. Eyes both on the left side of the head.

masimus, (turbot,) body rough 3; fins yellowish

with black points and spots. Sometimes weighs
30 pounds.
See MS. P.

2—-2. Ptorvus. Spec. 3.

anhinga, (darter,) head smooth ; belly white.
Near three feet long.
See MS. P.

8—2. Popura. Spec. 32.

signata, (common springtail,) subglobular, brown :
abdomen with fulvous spots at the sides; an-
tennz as long as the body.
viridis, (buckwheat springtail,) subglobular, green
with a yellowish head.
See MS. P.

POLYNEMUS, PROTEUS. 243

4—4. Potynemus. Spec. 4,

guinguarius,; appendages five, longer than the
body.
See MS. P.

4—4. Po typrerus. Spec. I.

bichir, sea-green, covered with long scales ; dor-
sal fins 16 or more.
See MS. Pe.

2—-6. Proceiiaria. Spec. 24.

obscura, (petrel,) black, white beneath ; membrane
connecting the toes tawney.
See MS. P.

2—5. Psopnia. Spec. 2.

crepitans, (trampeter,) black; back grey; breast’

shining blue-green ; orbits naked, red. 20
inches long.
See MS. P.

3—4, Proreus. Spec. 1.

limedracus, (mud-dragon,) spotted, having a purple
ruffie, or suit of gills, around the neck. After
reading Dr. Mitchell’s article on the subject in
Silliman’s Journal, the article in Cuvier, and in
Long’s Expedition, I have not been able to find
any settled specific name for the Lake Erie
Proteus. Ihave therefore adopted one for our
students, as we have two elegant specimens in
our collection——one presented by Mrs. General
Porter, and the other by Maj. Frazer, of Black
Rock. The former is seven, and the latter

fourteen inches in length.
See MS. P.

244, PSITTACUS, PULEX.

2—3. Psirracus. Spec. 170.

macoa, (red parrot,) red ; quil!-feathers blue above,
rufous beneath ; feathers of the shoulders va-
riegated blue and green ; cheeks naked, wrink-
led. Between 2 and 3 feet long.

severus, (common parrot,) green ; cheeks naked ;
quill and tail feathers blue, purplish beneath.
Sometimes dusky-green ; front brown; crown

greenish-blue. About 17 inches long.
See MS. P.

9--1. Prerorracuia. Spec. 4.

_ coronata, abdomen and tail furnished with fins :
head with a round perpendicular proboscis, and
a coronet of ten spines on the front.

See MS. P.

8—5. Prinus. Spec. 39.

pulsator, (death-watch,) feelers clavate ; lip en-
tire ; subvillous, dusky, with irregular grey-
brown spots. Makes a ticking noise in 7, 9 or
41 strokes ata time. Resides in old wooden
ceilings, furniture, &c.

Sur, (plant-thief,) testaceous; thorax four-toothed ;
shells with two white bands. Very destructive
to collections in Natural History.

See Ms. P.

8—4, PuLex. Spec. 2.

iritans, (flea,) proboscis shorter than the body.
Makes its way under the hair of dogs, cats, &c.
and under the cloathes of men.
penetrans, (toe flea,) proboscis as long as the be-
dy ; reddish-brown. Creeps into the toes, &c.
ogee, NS; P..

RAJA, RANA, 245

Rk.

4—6. Rasa. Spec. 19.
pastinaca, (sting ray,) body smooth ; tail with a
long sharp spine, serrate on the forepart, and
another on the back. Sometimes having two
back-spines ; and sometimes the body is cover-
‘ed with spots. From one to two and a half
feet long, and two-thirds or three-fourths as

broad.
See MS. P.

2—5. Ratius. Spec. 31.
crex, (rail, crake,) wings rusty-red ; mostly rus-
ty-red or rusty-grey or brown.
perzana, (gallinule, spotted rail,) two middle tail-
feathers edged with white ; bill and legs pale
olive.
See MS. P.
3—4. Rana. Spec. about 40.

Section A. Body warty, puffed up; legs shorter.
'Voads.

bufo, (common toad,) body lurid and brown.
Sometimes brown-olive with a yellowish-red
band ; sometimes spotied with green, &c.

rubeta, (rain toad,) vent obtuse ; a yellowish line
on the back; body beneath spotted with black.
rom one to two inches long. Body pimpled,,
dirty yellow.

Section B. Body smooth, more oblong ; legs
longer. Frogs.

pipens, (croaking frog,) green with numerous ocel-
late spots, surrounded with a yellowish ring.
AL

346 RANA, RHINOCEROS.

Four to six inches long. Leaps to a great dis-
tance ; croaks loudly in the spring season.

femporaria, (common freg,) back flattish, suban-
gular; sometimes dirty-olive above, with large
warty spots, and very large.

escutenta, (eatable frog,) body angular; back
transversely gibbous; belly emarginate. Body
green with three yellow lines. The male croaks
at evening.

Section ©. Hind feet very long ; claws lenticu-
lated. Chirping toads.

arborea, (tree-toad,) body greenish-brown, or Ci-
nereous, granulate beneath ; feet cleft, having
obicular flattened claws secreting an adhesive
mucus.
boans, (croaking chirper,) body smooth with con-
tiguous dots beneath ; feet palmate.
See MS. P.

8—8. Rapuipra. Spec. 2.
ophiosus, thorax cylindric 3 wings without spots..
sce Ms. P.
2—5. Recurvirostra. Spec. 3.

americana, (avocet,} head and neck reddish 3 back
black, white beneath.
See MS. P.
2—3. Ruampnuasros. Spec. 17.

viridis, (toucan,) green; belly yellow ; rump red.
About fourteen inches long.
See MS. P.
i—6. Rurvnoceros. Spee. 2.
iintcornis, (one-horned rhinoceros,) one horn on.

>
ee

RHYNCHOPS, SALMO. 247

the nose, growing from the skin, like the briar
prickle from the bark.

bicornis, (two-horned rhinoceros,) horns two.
See MS. P.

2—6. KRuyncuops. Spec. 4.

nigra, (skimmer,) blackish, white beneath; bill
red at the base.
See MS. P.

5—1. Sapetyta. Spec. 25.
alveolata, (case-worm,) with numerous parallel
tubes communicating by an aperture, forming in
the mass the appearance of honey-comb. ‘Two
or three inches long.

3—4. SAaLaMANpDRA. Spec. 11.

palustris, (warted newt,) body blackish ; sides
speckled with white; belly orange, with irregu-
lar black spots.

lacustris, (swamp newt,) black ; tail lanceolate;
spotted with white, black, yellow or saffron.

aquatica, (water newt,) tailroundish, middle-size ;
brown or yellowish.

salamandra, (proper salamander,) tail roundish,
short; body porous, variegated with black and
yellow, also sometimes brown or white. A small
variety is brown and has the tail considerably
compressed.

4—4, Saimo. Spec. 56.
Section A. Body variegated ; teeth apparent.

salar, (common salmon,) upper jaw extending be-
yond the lower ; first dorsal fin cinereous, spot-
ted. Alllengths, even to six feet.. |

248 SALMO, SCARABEUS.

trutta, (salmon trout,) body with black spots en-
circled with brown; pecteral fin with six dots ;
palate with three rows of teeth. From one to
two feet long.

Sarto, (common trout, ) body with purple-red spots ;
lower jaw a little longer. Sometimes it has
violet spots above on a brown ground ; sides
whitish-yellow with red spots surrounded with
white, and a brown area; white beneath. About
a foot long and moves with great velocity. Pal-
ate with three rows of teeth.

Section B. Teeth scarcely visible or none.

lavaretus, (lavaret, gwiniad,) upper jaw longer ;
dorsal fin fourteen-rayed.

etsego, (otsego bass.) jaws without teeth ; dorsal
fin with nine softish rays over the vente fins,
also a second dorsal fin over the anal ; caudal
fin forked ; lateral line obscure 5 under lip bi-
fid ; iris ar the eye silvery. rom one to two
feet long. A new species proposed by Doct.
Clinton, senior.

See MS. P.

9—1. Saura. Spec. 11.

natata, body marked at one end with a brown spot.
See MS. P.

4—3. Scanvus.. Spec.8.
rivulatus, jaws continuous, smoothed, serrate,

with minute teeth at the edges.
See MS. P.

8—5. Scaragzus. Spec. 544.
stercorarius, (clock beetle,) thorax and head with-

SCARABEUS, SCIURUS. 249

out horns or prickles ; black; shield rhombic:
crown a little prominent ; shells grooved.
melotontha, (tree beetle.) thorax and head without
horns or prickles; testaceous ; thorax hairy ;
tail inflected ; a triangular white spot at each
incisure of the abdomen. Feeds on leaves of
trees ; while in the larva state it remains in the
earth about three years, and is very destructive
to corn and other vegetables.
See MS. P.

4—3. Sci=na. Spec. 29.

cirrosa, upper jaw much longer, lower one with a
cirrus.
See MS. P.

1—4. Scrurus. Spec. 38.

vulgaris, (common squirrel,) ears bearded at the
tip ; tail colour of the back.

miger, (black squirrel,) ears not bearded ; body
black. Sometimes the nose, neck and tip of the
tail are white.

cinereus, (grey squirrel,) ears not bearded ; body
cinereous ; belly white.

striatus, (ground squirrel,) body yellowish, with
five brown longitudinal stripes. A variety has
the body pale with four stripes. Five anda
half inches long.

volucellus, (flying squirrel,) having a membrane
(made bya doubling of the skin) extending from
the ears to all the legs and tail ; being attached
to the forelegs as far as the toes, to the hind-
legs as far as the ancles. By spreading this
membrane, the squirrel sails through the air

250 SCOLEX, SCOLOPAX.

from the top of a tree, descending at an ansle of
45 or 50 degrees to the ground. ~
See MS. P. f

11—2. Scorrex. Spec. 2.

- pleuronectidis, head with four auricles, pellucid.
In fish.
See MS, P.

2—4, Scoropax. Spec. 50.

arguata, (curlew,) bill arched, blackish; legs
blueish ; wings blackish with snowy spots.
Nearly two feet long.

fusca, (dusky svipe,) bill bent in at the tip ; body
black, waved with white; ramp and wings
white beneath. About a foot long. Migratory.

grisea, (brown snipe,) bill, legs, wing-coverts and
quill-feathers brown ; head, neck and shoulders
brown-ash, spotted with black ; back and belly
white. 14 inches long.

nigra, (black snipe, ) bill and legs red; body black.

flavipes, (yellow-shank snipe,) bill black 5 legs
yellow ; body whitish spotted with black ;
throat and breast varied with black and white ;
belly an tail-coverts white. 44 inches long.

rusticola, (wood-cock,) bill straight, reddish at the
base ; legs cinereous ; thighs covered ; head —
with a black band each side. 15 inches long.
Body sometimes white or pale straw-colour or
spotted. Head sometimes reddish; wings
brown or white.

minor, (liitle wood-cock,) bill straight; legs brown-
ish ; front cinereous ; hind-head black, with
four transverse yellowish lines ; chin white 3

SCOLUPAX, SCOMBER. 254

body black and tawny above, yellow beneath.
41 inches long.

gallinago, (common snipe,) bill straight, tubercu-
late ; legs brown; body varied with blackish
and tawney, white beneath; front with four
brown lines. About a foot long.

glottis, (greenshank snipe, ) bill straight, the low-
er base red; body snowy beneath ; legs green-
ish. 14 inches long.

calidris, (redshank snipe,) bill straight, red ; legs
scarlet; secondary quill-feathers white. <A
foot long.

tatanus, (spotied snipe,) blackish with white spois,
white beneath ; lines on the breast, and bands
on the lateral tail-feathers blackish ; legs red.

Sometimes the wings have triangular white spots,
See MS. P.

8—1. ScoLopenDRA. Spec. 13.

lagura, (flat centipede,) legs twelve on each side ;
body oval; tail with a white pencil of hairs ;
body brown, head black.

forficata, (centipede, ) legs fifteen each side ; body
reddish-brown.

gigantea, legs seventeen each side ; tail with two
-hooked styles.

electrica, legs seventy each side ; body linear.

occidentalis, (thousand legs,) legs 123 each side.
sce MS, 2.

4—3. Scomser. Spec. 22.

scomber, (mackerel,) spurious fins five. From 4
to 2 feet long.
See MS. P.

252 SCOPUS, SERPENTARIUS.

2—5. Scopus. Spec. 1.

umbretta, (umbre,) body brown; tail obscurely
barred. Twenty inches long.
See MS. P.

4—3. Scorpz#na. Spec. 9.

parcus, cirri near the eyes and nostrils.
See Ms. P.

7—1. Scorrio. Spec. 10.

americanus, (scorpion,) combs with fourteen teeth ;
hands subciliate with filiform claws; body spot-
ted with brown.
See MS. P.

9-4. Scyiize4. ~ Spec: 2.

pelagica, body fixed ; four extreme arms alike, the
middle ones papillose. Among sea-weeds.
See MS. P.

2—3. Scyrurors. Spec. i.

psittaceus, back, wings and tail cinereous; feath-
ers mostly with dark dusky tips. 2 feet long.
See MS. P.

9—1. Sepia. Spec. 8.

officinalis, (cuttle-fish,) body without tail or ap-
pendage, and surrounded by a margin ; tenta-
cula (longer arms) two.

loligo, (calamary,) body subcylindric, subulate,
furnished with a flattish sharp-edged rhombic
membrane at the tail each side. From one to |
two feet long.

See MS. P.

2—1. SERPENTARIUS. Spec. 4.
vulturoides, (snake-eater,) body black ; hind-head

SERPULA, SILPHA, 200

crested ; tail-feathers while at the tips; legs
very long. 3 feet high.
See MS. P.

5—i. Serputa. Spec. 48.

spirorbis, (spiral shell-worm,) shell regular, spi-
val, orbicular ; the whorls slightly caniculate
above and inwardly, and growing gradually
fess towards the center.
See Ms. P.

13—2. Sertruiaria. Spec. about 60.

operculata, (coral grass, coral wheat-heads,) den-

ticles opposite, pointed and nearly erect, vesi-

€les obovate, covered with a lid; branches al-

ternate. :
See MS. P.

8—i. SivpHa. Spec. 122.
rugosa, (carrion beetle,) lip dilated, bifid ; jaw
one-toothed ; blackish; shells ridged with
three raised lines; thorax ridged, sinuate be-
hind.
See MS. P.

Remarks. ‘This genus is a remarkable fair
specimen for affording. the student an opportunity
to compare the method of dividing an extensive

genus into sections, and that of cutting it up inte
new genera, according to Cuvier, Lamark, La-
sreille, &c.
They stand thus :

Sec. B. Lip rounded, entire : jaw one-toothed.
Or genus Mycreropuacus. 14 species,

Sec. C. Lip horny, entire; jaw bifid. Or genus
ScarHipIuM. 38 species.
22

254 SILPHA, STMIA.

Sec. D. Lip emarginate, conic; ja bifid. Or
genus Ips. 16 species.

Sec. E. Lip cordate, emarginate, crenate. Or
genus Nickopuorus. 5 species.

Sec. F. Lip square, emarginate. Or genus
Srumripium. 380 species.

Sec. G. Lip long, entire ; antenne serrate. Or
genus HyprorHLZus. 6 species.

The question seems to be sinply this: Is the
introduction of these six new naines a valuable ac-
quisition to the science, without being accompa-
nied with a new discovery ora new thought of any
kind ; excepting that of a new combination of un-
cooth sounds ? Nature decides in favor of some
subdivisions of the Linnean genera ; but vanity
makes a score of new genera where nature and

expediency hesitatingly decide in favor of one.
See MS. P.

4—4, SiLvurus. Spec. 28.

glanis, (bearded-fish,) having six cirri or beards ;
dorsal fin single, unarmed; head spatulate,
dusky-green. All sizes up to 300 pounds
weight.
See MS, P.

1—2. Sita. Spec. 64,
Section A. Without a tail. Apes.

satyrus, (orang-outang,) rusty-brown; hair of the
fore-arms reversed, haunches covered ; body
erect generally. From threc to five feet high.

SIMIA. 255

Section B. Tail short. Baboons.

sylvatica, (wood baboon.) face, hands and feet,
naked, black, smooth; nails white. Body 3
feet high ; tail 3 inches long.

See. €. Tail not prehensile ; cheecks pouched ;
haunches naked. Monkies.

cana, (spotted monkey,) bearded ; forehead pro-
jecting ; head pointed.

Sec. D. Tails prehensile ; cheeks not pouched ;
haunches covered. Sapajous, or modest mon-
kies. |

capucina, (capucin monkey.) no beard ;_ skin
brown; bair and limbs black; tail shaggy.
Very docile. Size of a cat.

sciurea, (orange monkey,) no beard, greenish-grey ;
hind part of the head prominent; nails of the
four smaller toes angalate; haunches covered.
Very beautiful and graceful in its movements.
Always look persons in the face who speak te
it.

Sec. EK. fails not prehensile ; cheeks not pouch-
ed; haunekes covered. Sagoins, or playing
monkies. |

rosaha, (siik monkey,) beardless ; head hairy ;
outer edge of face and feet red ; nails subulate;
body yellowisii-wiite. Body 8 inches long,
tail 13. |
See MS. P.

256 SIPUNCULUS, SOLEN.

10—2. Sipuncuus. - Spec. Z.

audus, tube-worm,) body covered with a close
skin, and globular at the lower end. In the
sea anc under stones. 8 inches long.

saccatus, body covered with a loose skin and
rounded at the lower end. Appears as if en-
closed in a bag.

See MS. P.
3—4. Siren. Spec. 1.

Jacertina, (siren,) body eel-form; branchiz rami-
fied. Mrom 8to 18 inches long. It is said that
Capt. La Conte has discovered another species
in Louisiana, - and that another was discovered

in Maj. Leag’s Expedition.
See MS. P. ;

8—9. Sirex. Spec. 26.
gigas, (tailed wasp,) abdomen yellow at the base
and tip: body black-biue.
See MS, P.
2—2. Sitta. Spec. 12.

europeea, (nuthatch,) cinereous, beneath reddish ;
tail-feathers black, the four lateral ones beneath
tipped with white. 6 inches long.
canadensis, (american nuthatch,) cinereous, pale,
rufous beneath ; eyelids white. 5 inches long.
See Mos. P.

9—3. Soren. Spec. 23.

vagina, (razor-sheath,) shell linear, straight.
roundish, one end margined ; hinge with a sin-
gle opposite tooth in each valve. ee or7 Pyenes
longs.
Sce MS. P.

SOREX, SPHINX. pisy |

i—3. Sorex. Spec. 17.
eristatus, (shrew-mouse,) nostrils caranculate ;
tail short. 4 inches long.
equaticus, (water shrew,) hind feet palmate ; fore
feet white ; tail short, white. Size of a mole.
bicolor, (swamp shrew,) tail middle length, naked-
ish ; bedy blackish, cinereous beneath ; toes
fingered. 4 inches long.
See MS. P.

4—6. Sparunarta. Spec. 1 or none.
[A bad genus, taken from Saquatus. |
“Sigs Wiser.
4—3. Svarus. Spec. 39.
auratus, (gilt-head,) a semi-lunar golden spot be-

tween the eyes. Sometimes weighs 10 pounds.
See MS. P.

4—1. SpHacGesrancnuus. Spec. ft.

rostratus, (pike-nose,) the nose extended se as te
have the appearance of a beak.
See MS. P.

8—9. Sruex. Spec. 129.

snaculata, (solitary-wasp,) thorax spotted ; first
segment of the abdomen with a white dot each
side, second edged with wiite.
See MS. P.

S8—10. Spninx. Spec. 175.

HRentarks. This genus. resembles the genus
Phalena, and approaches the Papilio. All the
species of Papilio fly in the day time only ; those
of the Phalzna in the night ; and of this genus,

*22.

258 SPHINY, SPONGIA.

early in the morning or near evening. ‘The larva
have sixteen feet, and are pretty active.

ocellata, (hawk-moth,) wings angular, lower ones
gufous witha blue eye-spet. Chrysalis dark
chesnut-brown.
See MS. P.
9—3. SponpyLus. Spec. 4.
eederopus, (thorney oysier,) shell slightly eared
and spinous ; one valve extends back beyond

the other ; colour variable.
See AS. P.
13—2. Sponara. Spec. 49.

officinalis, (common sponge,) irregular or subgio-
bular, porous, tough, lobed, woolly. Linneus
supposed that the large serpentine cavities in
this species were made by marine animals gnaw-
ing their passages into it; though their regular-
ity and the prominences at their superficial ter-
minatious seem to indicate that they are an es-
sential part of the organic structure of the ant-
mal.

prolifera, (branched sponge,) base flat, spread ;
Dranches numerous, subpalmate, ending in fin-
ger-like divisions. Grows in large bunches up-
on oyster shells, &c.; sometimes six inches
high.

fluviatilis, (viver sponge,) green, erect, fragile, con-
sisting of numerous irregular branches. Very
abundant in the upper lake on Catskill moun-
fain, near the Mountain House. Has a fishlike

smell.
See MS. P.

SQUALUS, STERNOPTRIX.. 259:

14—6. Sauatus. Spec. 34

~ygeena, (hammer shark,) head broad, resembling
ahammer. 6 feet long. Rapacious.

vulpes, (fox shark,) upper lobe of the tail as long
as ihe body. 7 feet long. Exceedingly vora-
cious.

glaucus, (blue shark,) sides of the tail smooth :
Jower part of the back with a triangular dent.
3 to 14 feet long.

carcharias, (white shark,) teeth triangular, serrate.
Grows to 80 feet long. Most dreadful of all.
sea animals.

See MS. P.

6—2 to5. Saquinua. Spec. G.

mantis, (false craw-fish,) hands with a single fang,
compressed, falcate, serrate ; body subangular :
tail serraie with spines. Eatable.
See MS. P.

S—5. Srapny.inus.. Spec. 156.

murinus, (rove beetle,) pubescent, cinereous, cloud-
ed with black 5; abdomen deep black: legs.
black ; shells bbs:
See MS. P.

2—6. STERNA.. Spec. 25,
firundo, (swallow tern,) two outer tail-feathers
half black, half white. Sometimes outer tail-
feathers white. A foot long.
See MS, P.
4—1, Srernoprrix. Spec. 1.
diaphana, (amber fish,) compressed, truncate be-

260 STRIX.

fore, narrowed and silvery behind ; eyes large,
amber-colour.
See MS. P.

2—1. Srrix. Spec. 50.
Sec. A. FEared ovels.

gubo, (giant owl,) body tawny. A variety has
brownish wings with dark body Another has
naked legs. Another is blackish-yeWow, vari-
egated with white.

virginiana, (brown owl,) body brown above, va-
ried with fine zigzag tawny and cinereous lines,
pale ash beneath with transverse brown streaks ;
throat and sides of the breast orange, streaked
with brown.

asio, (red ow],) body ferruginous above, cinereous
beneath ; wings with five white dots. 10 inches
long.

americana, (american owl,) head and body cinere-
ous above, rusty beneath; ramp white spotted
with black; wings and tail rusty with cinereous
and grey transverse lines.

atus, (long-eared owl,) feathers of the ears six.
A variety is much darker, another smaller. I¢
is about 14 inches long.

brachyatos, (short-eared owl,) horns short ; body
brown above, feathers edged with yellow; be-
neath pale yellow, with longitudinal dusky
streaks. 14 inches long.

sevia, (mottled owl,) body grey, paler beneath,
spotted with black and rusty; feathers of the
head and breast dotted with black. {1 inches
long.

See MS. P.

STRIX, STROMATEUS, 264

Sec. B. Earless owls.

nyetea, (snow-owl,) body whitish, with a few
brown lunate spots. Often snew-white in the
winter. 2 feet long.

nebulosa, (cloud owl,) head, neck, breast, back
and wing-coverts brown, spotted with white :
belly dirty white, streaked with brown; tail
with brown and whitish bands, and whitish
atthe tip. 2 feet long.

lammea, (common owl,) body pale yellow above
with white dots, whitish beneath with blackish
cdots. 14 inches long.

wiula, (speckled owl,) body brown above, spotted
with white; tail-feathers with linear white
bands. 14 inches long, but often much smaller.

junerea, (canada owl,) body brown above witha —
few large white spots, white beneath with trans-
verse narrow brown bars ; tail long with broad
brown and narrow white bars.

dcadica, (acadian owl,) body bright bay, spotted
with white above, dirty white mixed with rusty
beneath. 7 inches long.

fpasserina, (sparrow owl,) quill-feathers with five
rows of white spots. About 8 inches long. A
‘smaller variety has the eyes surrounded with
white circles; and a larger variety has a white
chin and variegated wings.

albifrons, (white-faced owl,) body rusty-brown,
paler beneath ; forehead white ; quiil-feathers
barred with black and white. 5 inches long.

See MS. P.

4—i. Srromarevus. Spec. 3.
paruy, (stromat,) back golden, belly silvery ; body

262 STROMBUS, STURNUS.

slender, covered with small deciduous scales.
See MS. P.

9-—-4. Srrompus. Spec. 53.

gigas, (dinner-horn,) lip rounded and very large ;
shell crowned ; belly and spire with conic ex-

panded spines. 10 inches long, 9 broad.
See MS. P.

11—1. Srroneyuius. Spec. 1.

equinus, (horse glass-worm,) head opake 3 intes-

tine black. Inhabits the stomachs of horses.
See MS. P a

2—5. Srrursio. Spec. 4.

camelus, (black ostrich.) feet two-toed ; feathers
of the body lax, black, decomposite, webs equal
each side 5 quill and tail-feathers snowy, wav-
ed, long, here and there black on the edge or
tip. Lays 40 or 50 eggs, each as large asa
child’s head. 7 to 9 feet long.

easuarius, (cassowary ostrich.) feet three-toed ;
helmet and dewlaps naked ; feathers brownish-
black, lax. 5 feet long.

See MS. P.

2—2. Sturnus. Spec. 17.

vulgaris, (starling, stare,) bill yellowish ; body
black, with white dots. A variety is white :
another cinereous with black legs and bill.
One white variety has a black crown, neck,
Wings and tail; another has two black spots

above the eyes near the bill. 9 inches long.
See MS. RP, >

STYLEPHORUS, SUS. 263

4—1. Sryternorus. Spec. 1.

chordatus, (thread-tail fish,) body gradually di-
minishing as it approaches the tail, which ter-»
minates ina process or string of enormous length.

10 inches long ; tail process 22 inches.
See MS. P.

8—11. Sry.ors. Spec. 2.

gallica, living on wasps.
See MS. P.

i—6. Sus. Spec. 5.

scrofu, (common hog,) tail hairy ; ears oblong,
acute; back bristly. In the wild state the
bristles are very long on the forepart of the
back, and the ears are roundish.

porcus, (guinea-hog,) back prickly on the hind-
parts ; tail reaching to the ground ; naval cisti-
ferous. Some have erect ears a little pointed,
and a tail reaching nearly to the ground ; body
reddish. SS naller than the scrofa.

fajussu, (mexican hog,) tail none; back with a
glandular orifice. 3 feet long. Runs wild in
woods and does not wallow in mud.

africanus, (cape hog,) two fore teeth in the upper

jaw ; body covered with long fine bristles ; tail
slender, tufted.

ethiopicus, (ethiopian hog,) no fore teeth ; a soft
wrinkled pouch under the eyes; body thick,
broad, nakedish, with bunches of blackish-brown
bristles 5 skin lax, black under the eyes, from
which hangs down a large broad, flat, tube;
tail naked. Of hideous appearance, fierce and
swift. Four feet and a half long; burrows un-
der ground.

264 SUS, TENIA.

sabyrussus, two crooked tusks piercing through
the upper part of the face ; body slender, grey-
brown ; hair almost woolly ; tail long, twisted,
tufted at the tip.
See MS. P.

4—5. Syanaruus. Spec. 5.
eyphie, (pipe-fish,) caudal, anal, aud pectoval fins,
radiate; body six-sided. A foot long.
acus, (needle-fish,) caudal, anal and pectoral fins
radiate ; body seven-sided. 2 to 3 feet long.
See MS. P.
4—1. Synprancnus. Spec. 2.
marmoraius, (surinam eel,) head thick, snout

rounded 3 teeth obtuse.
See MS. P.

| ©.
8-12, Tasanus. Spec. 52.
bovinus, (ox-fly,) eyes greenish ; back of the ab-
domen with white triangular longitudinal spots.
See MS. P.
41—2. Tanta. Spec. 100. |
Sec. A. Head armed with hooks; found in other
parts besides intestines ; furnished with a vesi-
cle behind. Hydatids.
visceralis, (swelling hydatid,) pea-form, enclosed
in a vesicle; broad on the forepart and pointed
behind. In tumid viscera.

See. B. Head armed with. hooks ; found only in
the intestines; not furnished with a terminal
vesicle. ‘Tape-worms. ,

solium, (great tape-worm,) articulations long and

TIENIAy TAPTR. 265

narrow With marginal mouths, one on each j oin'..
and generally alternate ; ovaries arborescent.
Inhabits human intestines. Sometimes 60 feet
long.

vulgaris, (common tape-worm,) articulations short
and broader, with a mouth in the centre of each
joint ; ovaries stellate round the mouth. In-
habits human intestines, three or four together :
sometimes 15 feet long. Ef cut or broken inte
parts, each part will live.

See MS. P.
1—3. Taupa. Spec. 4.

exropoed, (mole, ) tail short ; feet five-toed. White.
yellow, cinereous, vartegated, brown, &c, ;
head lengthened into a long snout; fore feef
broad ; eyes small.
See MS. P.
2—5. Tanascra. Spec. 48.
estiva, (tanager,) red ; bill yellowish. - 6 inches
long. :
rubra, (ved tanager,) red; wings and tail black :
tail-feathers tipped with white. Sometimes the
fail is not tipped with white. 6 inches long.
See MS. P.
2—5. Tantratus. Spec. 23.
tgneus, (ibis,) head and neck black ; legs green :
body varied with glossy-blue, blackish, green
and claret; dark rufous beneath ; quill and tail-
feathers green-gold. 3 inches long.
See MS. P.
1—6. Tarir. Spec. 1.

americanus, (tapir,) snout long, extensile, flexible ;
hisses.
See MS. P.

i)
j8 vy

266 TELLINA, TENEBRIG.

9—3. Tevumna. Spec. 100.
Section A. Ovate and thickish.

fragilis, (brittle tellina,) shell ovate, white ; gib-
bous with transverse recurved striz ; beaks
_ yellowish. An inch broad.

Section B. Ovate, compressed.

radiata, (radiated tellina,) shell oblong, with faint
longitudinal striz, polished ; suture behind the
beaks caniculate; whitish with red rays. Some-
‘times with unequal sides, large, white, brown,

yellow, &c.

Section C. Suborbicular. Genus Cycras of
Bruguicres.

similis, shell suborbicular, convex, base a little
flattened ; having nearly equi-distant raised
concentric lines, giving a furrowed appearance
to the surface ; epidermis brownish ; hinge with
minute oblique teeth, lateral ones distinct, elon-
gated. Length the third of an inch, breadth a
- qittle less. American fresh water shells. }
dubia, shell oblique, subovate, convex, wrinkled
concentrically, whitish with a darker band ;:
beaks nearer one end, whitish within; primary
teeth distinct, two divaricating ones in one
» valve, and in the otherone. Length one-fourth
of an inch, and breadth a little less. American
fresh water shells.
See MS. P.

8—5. Tenxresrio. Spec. 90.
moitor, (meal worm,) eblong, piceous ; shells

TENTHREDO, TERMES. 267

striate. Often found in meal and bread from

large bakeries.
See US. P.

8—9. ‘TenTHREDO. Spec. 152.

lutea, (yellow saw-fly,) antennz yellow; abdomen
yellow, the second segment black.
See MS. P.

9--1. Teruys. Spec. 2.

jimbria, membrane or lip crenulate or pointed ; be-
dy white ; lip rounded, spread over the forepart
of the head and breader than the body.
See MS. P.

4—5. Trerropon. Spec. 12.

levigatus, (globe fish,) belly dilatible and prickly
before 744 anal fin, 1 or 2 feet long.
See MS. P.

9—4. Trerepo. Spec. 3
navalis, (ship-worm,) shell thin, cylindrical,

smooth.
See MS. P.

8—8. ‘TERMEs. Spec. 10

fatale, (white ant, wood- eater,) body brown above;
thorax with three segments ; wings pale, with a
testaceous rib. This species live in communi-
ties, and build mole-hills twelve feet high. A
family of them will gnaw a beam, 12 feet long
and 2 feet in diameter, to a mere shell not thick-
er than paper in one day.

pulsatorium, (false death-watch,) nearly or quite

- apterous ; abdomen oblong; mouth red ; eyes
yellow. The female beats like the ticking ofa

268. TESTUBO..

watch, which is her call for the male. Inhab-
its oh wainscoting and wooden furniture.
See MS. P.

3—1. T'estupo. Spec. 35.

Section A. Legs fin-form, the foremost longest.
Sea-turtles.

coriacea, (leather-shell torteise,) shell coriaceous,
longitudinally grooved. Sometimes tuberculate.
Sometimes 6 feet long and three broad. Not
eatable.

mydas, (green turtle,) fore part two-clawed 3 hind
feet solitary ; shell oval. Beak broad or narrow.
Flesh eatable, green.

‘mbricata, (shell tortoise,) fore and hind feet two-
clawed ; shell plates lax, lying over each other.
These small plates are the tortuise-shells of the
shops.

Section B. Feet er: 3 Shell joined to the
chest by a membrane, and propped each side in
the middle, by two processes vf the chest.

clausa, (woods turtle,) scutels of the disk keeled ;.
under shell closing, so that the whole bedy is
shut in a water-tight box.

pensylvanieu, fore feet five- clawed, bind ones four ;
tail tipped with a sharp horn.

Section ©. Feet clavate, clawed; shell convex.
joined to the chest by bony commissures.

denticulata, (heart-tortoise,) feet subdigitate ; shell

round-cordate, with the margin ° irregularly
feogoped,

neleagris, (speckled tortoise,) feet digitate ; shell

TETRAO, PIPULA. 269.

eval, smooth, speckled with numerous yellow
dots. 5 or 6 inches long.

2—4. Terrrao. Spec. 73.

Section A. Spots over the eyes naked; legs
downy. Grous.

urogalius, (grous,) tail rounded ; armpit white. 2
feet 9 inches long. -

eupido, (small erous,) back of the neck with wing-
like appendages. Less than a partridge.

umbellus, (american grous,) variegated with brown,
rufous and black. A foot and a half long.

Sec. B. Orbits granulated ; legs naked and.
spurred. Partridges. |
perdix, (common partridge,) a naked scarlet spot
under the eye ; tail ferruginous ; breast brown;
legs white. Colour varicus. 13 inches long.

Sec. C. Orbits granulated ; legs naked and not
spurred. Quails.
virgimianus, (american quail,) a black band above
and below the eyes ; crown with a tawny line.
marylandus, (white-eyed quail,) eyebrows w hite ;
neck dotted with black and white.
- See MS. P.

8—7. ‘'Turivs. Spec. 8.

physapus, (wheat fly,) upper wings glaucous :
body black. Larva yellow, six-footed.
See MS. P.

8—12. Trruua. Spec. 134.
fecticornis, (father long-legs,) antenne pectinate ;

Wings with a black spot ; abdomen rufous at the
#23

270 TIPULA, “PRICHOCEPHALUS.

base, barred with yellow in the middle and tip-
ped with black.
cluvipes, (crane-fly,) brown ; tarsi annulate with
white, ovate and thickened in the middle.
See MS. P.
2—2. 'Fopus. Spec. 16.

obscurus, (lody,) slive-brown, yellowish-white be-
neath ; chin pale; quilleand tail-feathers edged
with grey.
See MS. P.

4-—3, "Tracuicntuys. Spec. f.
australis, scales fringed and covered with smali
spines; tail strongly forked. 5 inches long:

See MS. P.
4-2. Traciunus. Spec. 1.
draco, (weever, sting-fish,) under jaw longer ; back
straight, brewn. One foot long. ;
Sce Ms. P.
4--3. Tricnecuus. Spec. 4.
rosmarus, (morse,) tusks in the upper Jaw remote.
projecting. Weighs about 30 pounds.
durong, (walrus,) tusks in the upper jaw project-
ing, approximate.
see M5. P:
4—1. ‘Tricniurus. Spec. 2.
lepturus, lower jaw longer than the upper. Three
feet long. Body naked, silvery. |
See MS. P.

141—1. Tricnoceruatus. Spec. 6.

Lominis, (hair-head worms,) body slightly crenate
above, smooth beneath; very finely striate on

TRICHODA, TRINGA, 271

the fore part. Inhabits intestines of sickly
children. 2 inches long.
See MS. P.

14—2. ‘'Tricnopa. Spec. 690.
sol, (hair-head sun,) globular, and every where
radiate with hairs. |
See MS. P. :

4—3. Tricnorus. Spec. 1.
trichopterus, iris golden ; pectoral fins thin, anat
and caudal spotted with white. 4 inches long.
See MS, P.

4—3. "Frieta. Spec. 14.

/yra, (gurnard, piper,) appendages three ; nostrils
tubular; tail lunate. ‘Pwo feet long.
See MS. P.

2—5. Trinaa. Spec. 48.

vanellus, (lapwing,) legs red,.crest pendent; breast
black. Coleurs greatly variegated ; flesh and
eggs delicious,

interpres, (turustone, sea dottrel,) legs red ; hody
black varied with white and ferruginous ; breast
and belly white.

nove voracensis, (saudpiper, dusky, white beneath;
breast spotted with brown ; tail cinereous ; tail
with black and white lines.

lobata, (phalarope,) bill subulate, bent in at the
tip ; feet pinnate ; breast waved with white ;
feet lobate. | ee

cinclus, (sanderling, purre, stint,) bill and ‘legs
black; leres white; body and rump grey and
brown. Seven and a half inches long.
See MS. P. .

2712 TRITON, TUBIPORA.

9—1. Triron. Spec. 4.
littoreus, (water salamander,) body oval; head
oblong; proboscis long. In sea.
See MS. P.
4—1, 'Triurus. ‘Spec. 1.
trifurcus, (tripple-tail,) the last fin above and below
extending beyond the tail, gives the appearance

of three tails.
See MS. P.

2—2. ‘'Trocnitus. Spec. 65.
colubris, (american hum-bird,) green gold ; tail-
feathers biack, the three lateral ones ferrugin-
ous tipped with white ; chin flame-colour. 3
and a half inches long. ‘The female is brown
above and whitish beneath.
See MS. P. |

9—4. Trocuus. Spec. 133.

magus, (top-shell,) shell obliquely umbilicate and

convex ; the ridges of the whorls rising into ob-

tuse tubercles. Sheli with zigzag red stripes.
See MS. P.

2—3. Trocon. Spec. 9.

curucul, (curuke,) green gold, tawny beneath ; chin
black. 10inches long. Colours variable.
See MS. P.

13-2. ‘Tusirora. Spec. 10.
serpens, (pipe coral,) with erect cylindrical yery
short distant axillary tubes, and a creeping
dichotomous divaricate base. Minute, white or
pale red. Adheres to fuci, &c. |
See MS. P,

TUBULARIA, TURDUS. 27S

13—2. Tupucaria. Spec. 26.

fistulosa, (coral whistle,) stems dichotomous, with
small cylindrical joints, and lozenge-form cells.
5 inches long. |
See MS. P.

9—4, Turso. Spec. 15f.

corticaria, (wreath snail,) shell dextral, cylindric,.
obtuse at the apex; whor!s fine smooth ; aper-
ture suborbicular ; a tooth on the pillar near the
outer augle ; inner angle with an angular pro-
jection. The tenth of an inch long. Under
bark. ‘The Odostema of some. An American

shell.
See MSs; pg

2—2. ‘Turous. Spec. 136.

minor, (little thrush,) tawny, white beneath ; breast
yellowish, with black spots. 7 inches long.

migratorius, (redbreast thrush,) grey ; belly ru-
fous ; eyelids white ; outermost tail feathers
white on the inner tip. 9 inches long.

polyglatius, (mocking thrush,) dusky-ash, beneath
pale ash ; primary quill-feathers white on the
outer half. ;

noveboracensisy (thrush,) waved with black and
pale ferruginous, blackish beneath ; wings and
tail glossy-greer, a black stripe above.and be-
low the eyes. Size of a black-bird.

fuscus, (brown thrush,) olive-brown ; breast and
belly whitish, spotted with brown; primary
quill-feathers and legs black.

See MS. P.

214 UPUPA, URSUS.

U.
2—2. Upupa. Spec. 10.
epeps, (hoope.) variegated with blackish and ru-
fous-white, reddish-white, beneath ; crest pale-
orange tipped with black; tail black with a
white bar.. A foot long.
See MS. P. | :
4—2. Uranoscorus. Spec. 2.

scabex, (star-gazer,) back smooth ; head sprink-
Jed over with minute warts. A foot long.
Sze MS. P.

1—3. Ursus. Spec. 10.

arctos,(common bear,) blackish-brown ; tail short:
thumb narrower than the after toes. Colour
varies, even to white.

maritimus, (white bear, polar bear,) white; tail
short ; head and neck lengthened ; fur long
and soft.

americanus, (american bear,) black; throat and
cheeks rusty-brown ; ears longer; snout sharp-
er.

meles, (badger,) body cinereous above, black be-
neath; a longitudinal black stripe including
the eyes and ears ; tail the colour of the body,
2 feet long.

lotor, (raccoon,) tail annulate ; a black transverse
stripe by the eyes. Sleeps by day and goes out
at night. Destroys. indian corn rapidly in the
field. |

fuscus, (wolverene,) tail long; body rusty-brown ;
snout blackish. |

gulo, (glutton,) tawny-brown, tail same colour :
middle of the back black.

See MS. P.

VAGINALIS, VESPA. 215

a

2—5. Vacinauis. Spec. i.

aiba, (white sheath-bill,) bill black at the base ;
sheath a yellow or black horny plate nearly
covering the nostrils ; feathers white. 415 inch-
es long.
See MS. P.

4—3. VanpELLIuS. Spec. 1.
corpensis, (sword-body,) slender, compressed la-
terally.
See MS. P.

9—3. Venus. Spec. 154.

mercenaria, (common clam, round clam,) shell
thick, strong, with slight transverse striz and
covered with a brown cuticle, (which sometimes
becomes pavonine,) pale violet or white within ¢
depression on the outside behind the beaks ovate
er subcorilate ; margin crenulate. Shell four
inches by three, and about two inches thick,
A very cheap and good article of food among
the indigent class in New-York and other sea-
ports in the northern states. “Twenty-five cents
for clams, and five cents for potatoes, will far-
nish a comfortable meal for fifteen persons, with

0 seasoning excepting a little common salt.
See MS. P.

8—9. Vespa. Spec. 213. .

erabro, (hornet,) thorax black the fore part rufous
without spots ; incisures of the abdomen with a
double contiguous black dot. Nests are attach-
ed to house and barn timbers, X&c.

276 VESPA, VESPERTILIO.

vulgaris, (common wasp,) thorax black with an
interrupted yellow line each side ; scutel with
four yellow spots ; abdomen yellow, the incis-
ures with distinct black dots. Live in large
societies, and construct a pendent cone with
wuody fibres in an incipient state of decay. The
fibres are manufactured into thin concentric
membranes, laid over each other at a distance
sufficient to leave a passage between them. ‘The
combs are placed in the base of the cone.
Remarks. Five of the genera abdopted by

Aatreille are the sections of this genus. ‘Thus:

Sec. B. Lip ovate, as long as the jaw, is the
Me tiinus. §& species.

Sec. ©. Lip compressed, rounded, longer than
the jaw, is the PuiLaANTuus. 14 species.

See. D. Lip short, horny; is the Crasro, 56
species.

Sec. EK. Tongue bifid, retractile, isthe Masanis.
2 species.

Sec. F. Tongue inflected, five-cleft, is the Bum-
BEX. 17 species |
Each of these might be subdivided again and

again; and so might every genus in every depart-

ment of natural history, if it contains more than
one species.
See MS. P.
4—3. Vesrertitio. Spec. 25.
murinus, (common bat,) tailed ; nese and mouth
simple ; ears less than the head ; mouse-colour
tinged with red. ‘I'wo and a half inches long.
Flies at night only. Upper fore teeth four in
number, lower ©ix.

VESPERTILIO, VIVERRA. 277

noveeboracensis, (american bat,) tail long; nose
short, acute; ears short, round ; bright tawny
above, paler beneath ; a white spot at the base
efeach wing. Length same as the last.
Remark. Both of these species are torpid dur-
ing the winter and hang up by their hind claws
in caverns, &c. "They are found in the five cav-
erns of the ielderbergh in Albany county every
day in summer as well as winter, hanging in
bunches like bees before swarming. ‘They fly
out during the night in the sammer season.
See MS. P.

14—2. Visnio. Spec. 20.

enser, (goose animalcula,) oval with a long neck,
and a tubercle on the back. In stagnant water
where Lemna grows,
See MS. P.

1—3. Viverra. Spec. 52.

Remarks. Shaw, whom I have followed, con-
siders the distinction between the Viverra and
Mustela as not founded in nature. He has there-
fore included all the species of Mustela under the
Viverra ; excepting those of the Mustela, whose
hind feet are palmate. These, including the of-
ters, minks, &c. constitute the genus Lurra.
vulpecula, (southern weesel,) entirely chesnut ;

snout elongated. Odour filthy.
putorius, (striped weesel,) blackish, with five dor-

sal parallel whitish lines. Sleeps by day and
prouls by night. ‘Fail white at the tip. Odour
intolerable wiien irritated.
memphitis, (skunk,) back white, with a longitudi-
nal black line from the middle to the tail. 46
24

2718 VIVERRA, VORTICELLA.

inches long. Defends itself by the most pungent
and intolerable odour.

ciuetta, (civet,) tail spotted above, brown towards
ihe tip ; mane chesnut ; back spotted with cine-
yeous and brown. Sizeofacat. Produces the
civit odour.

genetta, (genet,) tail annulate; body spotted,
blackish-tawny. 7 inches long. ;

martes. (martin,) bedy blackish-tawny ; throat
and breast yellow.

zibellina, (sable,) body dark-tawny ; forehead
white; throat cinereous. Sometimes snow-
white ; sometimes it hasacollar of white or
yellow spots.

feetidus, (polecat,) body blackish-yellow ; mouth
andears white. Sleeps by day and wanders
by night. Emits a fetid odour.

furo, (ferret.) eyes red, fiery ; body long, slender ;
pale yellow.

vulgaris, (White-bellied weesel,) body white, or
tawny-brown above, white beneath ; tail the
colour of the body. Prowls by night. Fetid
and dirty. |

See lS. P.
9—4. Vo.iura. Spec. 144.

pallida, (mitre, volute,) shell entire, oblong-ovate,
with an elevated spire ; pillar with four plaits.
See MS, P.
14—-1. Vontvox. Spec. 9.
globator, (globe jelly,) spherical, membranacecus,
with various sized homogeneous molecules. In
stagnant water and vegetable infusions.
See MS. P.
144—1. Vorricetta. Spec. 37.

vacemosa, (whirler,) compound with a rigid stem

VULTUR, ZEUS, 279

and very much branched, long pedicels. In

stagnant waters.
See MS. P.

2—1. Vuxrtur. Spec. 17.

gryphus, (condor,) of vast size ; a caruncle on the
crown as long as the head ; throat naked.
Wings spread “46 feet in some cases.

aura, (carrion vulture,) body grey-brown 3 quill-
feathers black ; bill white. Fetid and lazy.

See MS.-P.
OX.
S—ii. KMenas. Spec. 2.
pecki, oval-oblong, without claws or rings, with
the anterior end dilated in the form ofa hea
See’ MS. P.
4—1, XipuHras. Spec. 2.

gladius, (sword- fish,) dorsal fin falcate; back
black, belly white ; upper jaw four times as long
as the under and pointed. 20 feet long.
&ce MS. P.
Wak’:

2—3. Yunx. Spee. 1.

torgui lla, (wry-neck,) green, varied with brown
and blackish spots; tail-feathers waved with
black spots, streaks and bars.
See MS. P.
Zi.
4—3, Zeus. Spec. 10.

gallus, (doris,) tenth ray of the dorsal, and secend

yay of the anal fin longer than the body,
dee MS. P.

(aye (BR. )

SUMMARY.

Four hundred and sixty-one genera are des-
cribed in this text-book. These embrace every
known species of the Animal kingdom. Lecepede,
Cuvier and otbers of the French School, have
subdivided most of these genera, until their list is
extended to thousands, including their subgenera.
tn numerous cases they have merely given Greek
and Latin names tothe Linnean sections of species.
The student should be told at the outset of his
course, that all the animals are embraced under
these 461 genera, which are included in the French
genera.

The genera described in this text-book are ar-
ranged according to the elasses of Cuvier, as fol-
lows: Under Class 1, are 54 genera—-Class 2, 91
—Class 3, 16—Class 4, 92—Class 5, 10—Class
6, 4—Class 7, d—Class 8, 88—Class 9, 48-—
Class 10, 5—Class 11, 14—Class 12, d—Class
43, 16—Class 14, 15. Total 461.

At the commencement of the present century,
about 21,300 species had been described. [have set
down the number of species described at that
iime under each genus, as nearly as it could
beascertained. ‘Though the number has been en-
creased several thousands since that time; the
student may form an estimate of the relative ex-
tent of each genus, by that number. The genera
at that time stood thus, under the Linnean classes.
Class 1, 49 genera—Class 2, 90—Class 3, 12—
Class 4, 72—Class 5, 123—Class 6, 118. Total
Ae.

ee

DIRECTIONS FOR STUDENTS.

This text-book embraces not only a system of
io be used for ascertaining the names of animals;
but also the most important elementary principles
of the science of Zoology, given in a concise fami-
liar manner.

The student should commence at page 7 and
study the whole attentively to the middle of page
4i, ‘Then read the remarks on pages 53, 62, 76,
79, 91, 94, 96, 98, 111, 1418, 120, 128, 125 and
129. Also the directions on pages 133, 134 and
435. Also the sections and remarks upon the spe-
cies, under the generic names Silpha, p. 253, and
Vespa, p. 275.

Several species of American fresh-water shells
are described for the purpose of exercising students
in the study of shells; chiefiy from Say and Barnes,
most of which they propose as new. More might
have been copied from Say, in Long’s Expedition.
But Lthink that most of these new species require
reviewing. On comparing the characters with
descriptions of European species, I should be in-
clined to recommend an exchange of specimens
with European naturalists, before they are offered.
as new, and in some cases a comparison of the
proposed new species with each other, especially

some of the new species of Mya, of the section
#24

282 DIRECTIONS.

Unie. They may all be tenable; and I would
mot in any case, set up my doubts against the con-
victions of these industrious naturalists. But I
prefer delaying any farther adoption of their new
species, until they have extended their collections
and made farther comparisons. I have the same
objections to the adoption of other proposed new
species of animals from other naturalists, which I
might have introduced for students’ exercises. I
consider this part of Natural History as very un-
settled in America; and that it is, as it were, just
emerging from a chaotic state—it is so, at any rate.
in my own min,

INDEX
OF ENGLISH NAMES AND OF ELEMENTARY TERMS...

N. B. The elementary terms are printed in italics.

———

A. PAGB. mea PAGE.
-tbdominal, 31/Barnacle, 113,204; By ssus, BY
Abdominal fins, 31/|Basse, 85,241,248) .

Abdominal rings, 31 iBat, 275 Cc.
Acorn-shell, — 113,204|Bear, 55,274|Cachelot, 60,246
Alasmodonta, 999 Beard, 30|Cadow-fly, 107
Albatross, 74,179 Searded fish, 254|/Calomary, 252
Alligator, 202 Beaver, &7,166|Camel, 60,161
Amber-fish, 82,259) Bedbug, 170 Carassow, 69
Amphibiology, . 27\Bee, 108, 142)| Carp, 88,177
inal-fins, 31/Bee-catcher, 215|Carrion-eater, 225
Analogous paris, 28) Bee-eater, 67,241) Caruncle, 34
Anemone, 123) Beef-eater, 66,160 /Cased-worm, 91,247
Angler, 89,207| Beetle, 102,180,207,248) Cassowary, 70
Angle-worm, 92,207|Bill-fish, 182 [253,259)/Cat, 56,185
Anodonta, 224/ Bison, 60,158) Cataphracted, 34
Anopletherium, 59) Bittern, 71|Cat-bird, 63
Ant, 108,187,267| Blackbird, 64,228] Caty-did, 103
Ant-eater, 58,209,223/ Blackfish, 934 Caudal fins, 33
Antelope, 60,141) Blenny, 83|Cellepore, 167
Antenne, 33;Bloodsucker, 93,197|Centipede, 98,201,251
Ape, 54) Boat-bill, 71,105,162! Cere, 29
Aphrodite, $2 | Boat-fly, 225;Chameleon, 77,202
Aplotherium, 141|Bodion, 86|Chameleon bird, 188
Appendages, 29| Bone-head, 138|Channel bird, 68
Argentine, 155|Booby, 79|Chatterer, 63,138
Ark, 115,153) Bookeater, 178) Chelate claws, § 82
Armadillo, 58,177|Bot, 54/Chub, 177
Articulated, 11,32) Bot-fly, 226 Cinereous, 34
Asp, 77|\Bream, §8)Civet, 56,278
Aululet, 31| Bronchial, 30|Clam, 114,116,275
Auricles, 29,30} Bubble-shell, 359} Classes, 8,37
Australis, 165| Buffalo, 60,158) Classification, 32
Avertetral, 27\ Bug, 105,170| Clavate, 33
Avoucet, 72,246 Bulleach 207| Cloaca, 31
Awk, 74,137) Bullhead, 84,174 [Cony 65
Bunting, 65, eid Cochineal bug, 106,171

B. Bush-coral, 27/Coekle, 114,166
Bahboon, 255 Bustard, 1,229|Cockicach, 104,157
Badger, 5,60,274 Butcher-bird, 63: Codfish, 83,189,205
Band-fish, 83) Butterfly, 108,230} Coly, 172
Barbate, 34|Butterfly-worm, 187|Conder, 279
Barbet, 68,159,177' Buzzard, 63,183'!Cone, 116,173

284 > INDEX.
PAGE. PAGE. PAGE.
Coot 73,189|Dragon-fly, 106,205! Frontle/, 29
Coral, 126,128, aa 201,|Dragon’s needle, 106)Fruit-bug, 105
11 ,272|Dromedary, 60 Fungus- stone, 209
Coral-grass, ioe: Duck, 75,139,140 Fusiform, 33
Goralline, 126,173 Duck- bill, 241
Cormorant, 75
Corvoret, 233 E. Gad-fly, 110,226
Crab, 94,161 |Eagle, 63,183| Gall, 169
Crake, 73,245 |Earth-worm, 92,207)Gall-bug, 105
Crane, 71,154,233] Earwig, 104, 187) Gall- -fly, 108,176
Crane-fly, 109,270! Eel, 80,140,192,2 213, ,264)Gallinule, 70,188,245
Creeper, 67,163) Effuse, ae Garnet, 933
Cricket, 191| Elementary, 27/Gaper,, 114
Crockodile, 77,202| Elephant, 59, 181 Gar-fish, 87
Crossbill, 67,207; Elk, 60, 168} Genet, 278
Crow, 66,174) Elytra, 32|Giant-snake, 77
Cuckoo, 68,175|Emmet, 187} Giant-shell, 169
Cultrate, 30|Enecrinite, 131; Gill-covers, 30:
Curlew, 72,250) Entomology, 27| Gill-membrane, 30
Currassow, 175,234) Ephemera, 108,182) Gilt-head, 957
Curuke, 68,272) Escutcheon, ee \Giraffe, 60,161
Cuspidates, 30| Expanstle, 38) Glass- worm, 92,262
Cuttle-fish, 111,252) Exsert, 80|Glimmer-chaffer, 100
Eyed-worm, 121 241! Globe- fish, 267
D. Globe -jelly, 278
Dace, — V77 F. |Giow-worm, 101,202
Darter, 75,242|Falcon, 184|Glutton, Q74
Day-fly, 116,182| Faculiies, 21,25'Gnat, 109.
Deathwatch, 196,244,|Father-lasher, 174|Goat, 60,165.
267|Father long-legs, 269/Goat-chaffer, 103
Decipede, 201) Ferret, 278\Goat-horns, 103,167
Deer, 69,168) Fetlered, 32\/Goat-sucker, 64,168.
PDeflex, 32|File-fish, eipeaee ; 84,190
Diffracted, 34| Filiform, 3!Gold- bug, 160
Dinner-horn, 117,262|Finch, 65,187 |Golden-thrush, 68.
Dipper-shell, 116) Fins, 79 Gold eye, 107,140-
Directions, 133,281) Fire-bird, 64/Goldfinch, 65,188
Diver, 73,101,139, 172, ‘Fish: eater, 121|Gold-fish, 177
210 Fish-worm, 206/Gold-fly, 163
Divisions, 9| Fissile, 34; Goosander, 75,210.
Dodo, 70,179) Flamingo, 73,239] Goose, 75,139,277
Dog, 56,162|Flea, 99,192,244/Gorgon, 127
Dolphin, 60, 178 Flounder, 84,242)Gourie, 116-
Dormouse, 57,223 Fluke, 12]7|Gourd-worm, 185
Dorsal, 31 Fly, 214,215|Grackle, 64,191
Dory, 84,179,280) Fly-catcher, 63,215 Gram pus, 178
Dottrel, 271\Flying-cat, 55,189, 204| Grand divisions, G
Dove, 70,172) Flying- dragon, 186|Grasshopper, 104,108,
Dragon, 77,78 Flying-fish, 88,183 192:
Dragonet, $2,160] Fox, 56, 164|Grebe, 43,172
Dragon-fish, 233/Frog, 78,207,245,246'Green-scum, 130:

5 a

3

INDEX. 285
PAGE. PAGE. PAGE,
Gressoral, 32| Hyaline, 31\Launce, 81,13§
Grey-beard, 97,238| Hydatid, 264|Leather-chaffer, 101,
Grosbeak, 65,207 178
Groundling, 171 I. Leech, 93,197
Ground-worm, 121\Thex, 61| Legs, 32
Grous, 70,269 | Ibis, 72,265) Lenticular, 34
Guan, 234 Ichneumon, 107,179,; Leopard, 186
Guinea-hen, 70,225 201|Lepisma, 99,204
Guinea- -pig, 58,166 Ichthyology, 27 Limpet, 117,232
Gull, 74, 203) Idiots, 20) Linnet, 65,188
Gurnard, 271) Imago, * gaiLion, . 56,186
Gwinard, 948 Imminset, 84|Lion-ant, 106,223
Incisors, 30| Lizard, 77,202
H. India-pig, 58! Lobster, 94,161
Haddock, 83,189 Indistinct, 30|Loche, 86
Hag fish, 90, 19¢|/nsanity, 26! Locust,104,105,170,192
Hair-head, 120,130 27, Interscapulars, 34| Loon, 73,172
271 \[tch-worm, 7| Lores, 29
Hair-snake, 93,191 Louse, 99,106,141,228,
Hair-worm, 93 Al 233
Hake, 157| Jabiru, 71,293) Lymnea, 195
Halter, 31\Jacamar, 189) Lynx, 56,186
Hare, 58,112,205|Jacana, 72,232
Harness-fish, 207! Jack, 182 M.
Hawk, 63,183 ,184|Jackall, 164 Mackerel, 86,255
Hawk-moth, 258\Jackdaw, 66,174| Madrepore, 127
Hedgehog, 55,182|Jacu-turkey, 7\'| Magpie, 66,174
Helmet-shell, 1i6/Jay, 66,174] Mailed, 34.
Helminihology, 97 Jellies, 130,131,156, Vian, 53,198
Hen,. 70,188.235 157,199,210 Manakin, 64,241
Hen-hawk, 184| Jerboa, 179) Vandibles, 29
Heron, 71,154 Man-o-war, 77,179
Herring, 88,170! K. Marmot, 154
Hippopotamus, 59 Kanguroo, 57,208] Martin, 64,278
Hog, 963' King-fisher, 67,137| Martin-bird, © 197
Hollibut, 84,242 Kite, 63,183] Mastodon, 59
Hoope, 67,274|Knee-pan, 282) Meal worm, 266
Hooded-worm, 120) Knight-fish, Medusa, 156
Horn-bill, 67,159 Koster, 136| Megatherium, 58
Hornet, 108,278 Merganser, "15
Hornet-fly, 110 L. Messenger-bird, 67,173
Horn-wrack, 126,187) Lacunose, 35| Miller, 108 236
Horse, 60,182) Ladies’ bird, 104| Missile-tongue §c. 30
Horse-fly, 110,196} Lady-bug, 104,171) Mite, 97,135,136
Horse-foot, 211/Lamb, 6()} Mitre, 116,278
Horse glass-worm, 121| Laminated, 35} Molares, 30
Horse-leach, 197|Lamprey, - 90,234] Mole, 55,268
House-fly, 110,196) Lantern-fly, 105,188) Molluscous, 10
Hum-bird, 67,272) Lapwing, 271| Moniitform, 34
Humble bee, 142) Lark, 65,137) Monkey, 54,255
Humming-fly, 110,158| Larva, 28,35;Monolaba, 413
* oi eee

986 ;, INDEX:

PAGE. PAGE. PAGE,
Monster, 169} Oviparous, 35| Poiser, 31
Moor-hen, 188; Ovum, 35} Polecat, 278
Moose, 60,168/Owl], 63,260|Pclypus, 125
Morris, §1,204/Ox, 60,150|Porcellane, 116,176
Morse, 56,57,27.|Ox-chaffer, 102| Porcupine, 58,200
Moth, 109,236 nae Ox-fly, 100,264|Porcupine-fish, 179
Mother-of- -pearl, 22! Oyster, 115,213,229,258! Porpoise, 60,178
Motmot, 67211 Oyster- catcher, 71,192) Pratincole, 190
Mouse; 57,214,232 Prchensile, 33
Mud-dragon, 78.243 P. Prickle-back, 83
Mudfish, 171|Paleotherium, €0,230|Prickle-fish, 157
Mule, 18: 2| Palpi, 34! Prickly-beetle, 103
Mullet, 88,89,215 Pangolin, 59| Prismatic, 34
Muricate, 35 Panther, 56,186] Probescis, 34
Museum-thief, 136 Paper-siell, 141/Protector, 101
Mushroem- coral, 28| Papillose, 35! Proteus, 73
Musk, 60,219 Paradise bird, 66,231) Protrusile, 30
Musk- rat, 213/Parrot, 69,244! Pruinose, 35
Musquetoe, 109,175 Parrot fish, 174|Purre, 271
Mussel, 114,115," 16, Pariridge, 70,269| Pupa, 36
wipe 224 Pea- bug, 159

Mustela, see Viverra. 'Peacock, 69 233 Q.

) \Peadl: 115,216,223) Quail, 70,869
m N, | Pear!- muscle, 114

Narwhal, 69,211 Peccinale, 34 R.
NWatant, sey Pelonal fins, Se. 31,33|/Rabbit, 58,208
Nautilus, 116,155.224/ Pelican, 75,233| Raccoon, 65,274
Mayant, 31} Pellucid, 35} Racer, ie
Needle-tail, 82) Penguin, 74,142) Radiated, 9
Negro-eater, j20| erch, 85,158,234 Rail, 78,245
Newt, 78,2 a7) erching, 32/Rain-hea, 73
WNictitant membrane, >| Perfoliate, 24 Ra-ra, 240
Night-hawk, 64,165! Periwinkle, 117 Rat, 57,213,214
Nightingale, 212! Peruvian hen, 69] Rat-bear, 62
Nitter, 226|Pest, 122,189| Rattlesnake, 178
Noddy, 74|Petrel, 74,243] Ray, 90,246
Nan, 75) Phalerope, 271)| Rays, 32
Nut-cracker, 66} Pheasant, 70|Razor-sheath, 14,256
Nut-hatch, 66,256) Phosphorescent, 31|Red-pole, 188
Phrenology, 18|Red-robin, 64
Q. Piddock, 113|Remora, 33
Occipital, 29) Pierce-stone, 240) Retractile, 30
Peellate 32|Pigeon, 70,172} Reluse, 32
Old wife, $5,202) Pike, 81,182! Rhinoceros, 59,246
Opossum, 66,178] Pike-nose, 257|River- horse, 59,200
Orders, 41|Pintail, 140 Roach, 177
Oriole, 64,228] Pipe- fish, 89,264) Ro bin, 64,212
Ostrich, 70,262) Piper, 271 Rock- -hen, 241
Diter, 56,208; Planorbis, 194) Roe, 168
Quneeg, - 186) Plant-ihief, 101,244 Roller, 66,178

Urapg-outang, 64,254! Plover, 71,169! Rook, 174

INDEX; 287

PAGE. PAGE. PAGH,

Rove-beetle, 100| Sefaceous anieun@, &c. |Starling, 66,262
Rufte, $5,234 , 33/Star-stone, 201
Rump, 33)Skad, 88,170 Stem-eye, 110
Shag, 75,233) Siemmata, 30

Se Shark 90,259) Sterlet, $0,136

Sable, 278|Sheath-bill, 72,275) Stickle-back, 86,189
Salamander,78,112,247| Sheep, 60,229 Stiffstem, 125
Salmon, 87,247 |Sheep-bug, 196/Stint, 271
Sanderling, 271|Sheep-head, 86| Stoloniferous, 35
Sandpiper, 71,271 | Sheldrake, 139/Stone-horn, 209
Sandy-tube, 158|Shell-worm, 91,253) Stone-kaott, 208
Sawlly, 107,267 | Shepherd, 238/Stone-lily, lig
Scale-shell, 141) Shield-bug, 102|Stone-shell, 140
Scallop, 115,225 Ship jack, 189|Stork, 71
Scaly-lizard, 59|Ship-worm, 117,267|Sucker, 89,176
Seansoral, 32|Shoveller, 140/Sucking-fish, $83,180
Seapulars, 34)Shrew-mouse, 55,257|Summary, 280
Scooper, 72\Shrike, 63,203! Sunfish, $9,167
Scorpion, 96,252) Silver-fish, 156/Surmultet, 86,218
Scorpion-fly, 106) Siren, 78,256 | Swallow, 64,197
Serag, 30) Skimmer, 74,247|Swan, 75,138
Screamer, 73,230) Skunk, 66,277; Swim-bng, 05
Scum, 167|Sloth, 58,159|Swimmer, i” TOO
Sea-blubber, 124|Slow-worm, 77,141/Swine, 69
8ea-calf, 239) Slug, 112,142,206|/Sword-body, 275
Sea-cow, 56/Snail, 117,193,206,273|Sword-fish, $2,279

Sea-dasie,

123,136/Snake, 77,136,138, 158,

Systematic zeology, §

Sea-ear, 117,193 172,175

Sea-fan, 127,141|Snake-eater, 63,252) '
Sea-hare, 112,203!Snap-bug, 100,180! Tail-coverts, 33
Sea-hedgehog, 118;180/Snipe, 72,250,251) Tail-feathers, 33
Sea-horse, 56|Snipe-fish, 167|Tanager, 63,265
Seal, 66,239! Sinub-nose, 139) Tape-fish, 167
Sea-lemon, 112|Sole, 84,242/Tane-worm, 122,264
Sea-mary gold, 136) Soothsayer, 104) Tapir, 60,265
Sea-mew, 74! Sowbug, 95,227) Tarsus, 33
Sea-monster, 89! Spanish-fly, 102,210) Teal, 79,140
Sea-neitle, 124) Sparrow, 64,65,188,212) Tectrics, 31
Sea-pen, 127,188,234|Spectre, 104,209,239/Tellina, 266
Sea-pie, 192) Spider, 96,143)Tench, $8,177
Sea-purse, 138! Spindle-worm, 120} Tentacule, 34
Sea-serpent, 213) Sponge, 128,258) Termes, me 27
Sea-snail, 117|Spoonbill, 72,241|Tern, 74,25
Sea-star, 118,156|Sprat, 88,170! Thin-shell, 115
Sea-swallow, 73! Spring-tail, 99,242) Thorn-shell, 117
Sea-urchin, 118,180) Squaller, 65|Thousand-legs, 251
Sea-wing, 24) Sante, 58,249| Thread, 131,186
Sea-wolf, 139! Stag, 60,168) Thread-tail, $1,263
Sentient-principle, 16|Stair-case, 117\Thrush, 64,273
Serrate, o4|Star-gazer, 83,274 Tick, 136

285 INDEX.

PAGE. PAGE. PAGE.
Ticking-fly, 107) Unicorn-fish, 85] Wattles, 30
Tiger, 56,186) Unio, 216) Weaver, $3,270
Tiger-bug, 100,170! Uropygial, 33] Weesel, 56,277
Titmouse, 65,232 Weevil, 103
Toad, 245,246 V. Whale, 60,156,240
Tobacco-pipe, 87,187) Vandal, 83| Wheat-fly, 269
Tody, ®. 67,270! Vent, 31) Wheat-head, 253
Toothshell, = 92,17%| Ventricles, 30; Whelk, 116,159
Top-shell, 117,272|Vermes, $,9,27|Whip-poor-will, 64,165
Torose, 35| Vertebral, 13,27| Whirler, 129.279
Tortoise, 76,268 | Vibrisse, 30) Winged-stick, 209
Tortoise-beetle, 102| Viper, 77,172| Wolf, 56,164
Toucan, 68,246) Vivipareus, 85|Wolf-fish, 82
Tripple-tail, $1,272/Volute, 116,278|Wolverene, 274
Tropic-bird, 75,235) Vulture, 279|Weoodbeetle, 103,225
Trout, 87,248 Woodcock, 72,213,250
Trumpeter, 71,243 NV . Woodeater, 267
Trumpet-fish, 87| Walking-stick, 269|Woodpecker, 68,240,
Truncate, 32! Walrus, 56,270 241
Trank-fish, 89,228: Warbler, 64| Woodshen, 138
‘Tube-worm, 119,256, Wasp, 108,256,257,276|Worm, 155,166,180
Turbinate, 31, Water-bug, 200; Wren, 64,212
Turbot, * 242) Water-clock, 200) Wry-neck, 68,279
Turkey, 69,210) Water-hen, 73
Turkey-feather, 171) Water-moth, 240 ¥.
Turnstone, 271, Water-scorpion, 105, Yelper, 72
Turtle, 268 Water-serpent, 272)

Turtle-dove, 70,172) 223 Z.
Water-spider, 100,200)Zebra, 60
U. Water-wiich, 100} Zoology, vs
Umbre, 71,252|Wattlebird, 65,190| Zoophytes, 9
* .

Correct the following errors with the pen.

Page 44. Under the order Thoracici, change the word “ vertebral’
to ventral.

Same page. Under order Abdominales, change “long” to bony.

Page 47. Order“ Sutoria,” change to Suctoria.

Page 78. Under genus Proteus, strike out all line third, and add the
words, without claws, to the end ofthe description.

Page 100. Sec. B. change “ Iuminated” to laminated.

Page 135. Acanthus. This genus was taken from Fringilla. Crossit
out, and leave its species uuder the old genus.

Page 151. Sec. M. From the six upper dots strike out one pair.

Page 191. The species under Gordius, change to aquaticus.

Page 205. Change ‘‘ Lencophia” to Leucophia.

Page 207. Change the species under Lucernaria to guadricornis.

Page 243. Add to the bottom line the words, four toes to each foot. |

=
”

Koil “ "SS
oa 4

he
a oe
Re: He

us|

wh ie ie bis het Nhs
a a ih es CV halih

2)
Ce
4 a

yey

ae i |
ry ‘Orta “i
Rie a iA; ag iv ai nue rs ‘ ove
% or |

“ay wie
a,

ay
/ a
ee Ag
cana ; Os
ry eee

m4 sc
ee ¥
et ant

WP een ’
i chai,”
" Cielo ar
ud a1 ihe
cag yh alll
be aay i _ 7 bt 4 ee
‘ ¥ on, bey wea iL

ae
ii be Bie?

i. ay
sy sa
id wih
an
x a.

oe ee eres a Ba ' sagt Pabawe
Rode ve eae AER 1 gph RD Wits! es. i coe
i vn E a fy Rai ‘i iow 4 ‘i " tae r. hi 3 ae a he
ue: e: . .
ee).
é ~e tg ne (i
a

me

i
; hy at *
a J ie . i
od bale ify Wue A P id Ay eck Msi siete He ih ip ab vs
‘th i adlile ‘ pat we ae m ‘nade i
= ia it Hid a | s : ot h nis ‘ 7 ulate Aj : ie _ no

pane 2) ail iy
a ' Pi i, Ms hy igh ee ’ re " ) ; £ fi um ah oom why Bess
ae rea ae ne ; mie me . iat ae laa ue aon 4 ae
va ray i" b pert Pp i Noe ' sa
ty 7 - ore thes ie we ne i, oat min

ae
fan

dua
: q y ” 4 . a
a a ‘A rire ah: ie et, lia
oar. 4 rhe ity i A ms i. ta
ats" tae a cae a oe mS ne
SP
ei: oe
oy a

/

PD
Sa
voN

ae a es

Wy
vi

re | Ny , 7

ve ay
AA re hy

ey

fae

ieee oe i
mee f ay aime U
Sate , or iv ae aes
tite e eae
Ky ra nas Aaah A,
as Na oa ur
u ae a ba
Acs a oe a el y
J al" ae ae , -. q yt
i : "a : ) ak tal
ho sen
he ee PR ba ian
- ae 1 Pa

ha, ©

Al c 7” -

ik nf YT

‘al i oe 7 ay
4

Bs ee iJ
ty = ae
ae ea

Se

a

aire a ak

ete is ne a ae,

“4
* Me i
2 =o

OA

“1% f,
Kanes Me M ; ar sae . = ye
le ; Bs if a i A
¥ ae : a Me en fe yi wi - bi sth a 4

y re ;
_ & ie
avi

N INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

WLLL

3 9088 015

ia mmegee

3

| Tr O«tr &